The Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology reviewed and discussed literature evidence regarding antibody‐mediated liver allograft rejection at the 11th (Paris, France, June 5–10, 2011), ...12th (Comandatuba, Brazil, August 19–23, 2013), and 13th (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 5–10, 2015) meetings of the Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology. Discussion continued online. The primary goal was to introduce guidelines and consensus criteria for the diagnosis of liver allograft antibody‐mediated rejection and provide a comprehensive update of all Banff Schema recommendations. Included are new recommendations for complement component 4d tissue staining and interpretation, staging liver allograft fibrosis, and findings related to immunosuppression minimization. In an effort to create a single reference document, previous unchanged criteria are also included.
The Banff Working Group comprehensively updates guidelines for liver allograft pathology on the basis of pertinent literature, data review, and discussion over the last 5 years. See the editorial from O'Grady on page 2773.
•Data-driven model form discovery of the closure laws in thermal-hydraulics codes.•Reduced dimensionality modeling for thermal-hydraulics codes.•P3DM methodology.
Display omitted
The two-phase ...two-fluid model is a basis of many thermal-hydraulics codes used in design, licensing, and safety considerations of nuclear power plants. Thermal-hydraulics codes rely on the closure laws to close the system of conservation equations and describe the interactions between phases. These laws, derived from years of experimental investigations, are semi-empirical correlations that lack generality and have a limited range of applicability. Increase of computational power, availability of new experiments, and development of high-fidelity simulations has increased the number of validation data. The discrepancies between the code predictions and the validation data are a great source of knowledge. Missing physics that are not included in the model but are important for the considered phenomena can be discovered by propagating the information from the experimental results through the model. Physics-discovered data-driven model form (P3DM) methodology integrates available integral effect tests and separate effects tests to determine the necessary corrections to the model form of the closure laws. In contrast to existing calibration techniques, the methodology modifies the functional form of the closure laws. Based on the functional form of the correction, the missing physics that were not included in the original model can be discovered. The methodology provides the alternative to the machine learning approach, in which the model is discovered in the form of the intractable black-box relation. In this work, the methodology was applied to the CTF subchannel code to improve the prediction of the two-phase flow phenomena.
Range expansions by generalists can alter communities and introduce competitive pressures on native species. In the Great Basin Desert, USA, coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) have colonized and are ...now sympatric with native kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis Merriam, 1888). Since both species have similar diets, dietary partitioning may facilitate coexistence. We analyzed coyote and kit fox diets, then compared our results to an earlier study. Because populations are dynamic, we expected that decreases in prey or increases in predator abundance could alter dietary patterns. We found no significant changes in population-level prey diversity for kit foxes or coyotes, but found high levels of dietary overlap between species. We did detect a significant decrease in the relative importance of leporids (family Leporidae) in the diets of both canids, but they remained important for coyotes. The relative importance of small mammals was greater for kit foxes than coyotes, but their importance had not changed significantly over time. We detected significant declines in prey diversity per sample (scat-level dietary diversity) for both canids, suggesting that during a foraging event, individuals may encounter less diverse prey now than historically. These findings suggested that kit foxes and coyotes were not limited by prey, despite high dietary overlap.
The Spitzer Deep, Wide-field Survey Ashby, M. L. N; Stern, D; Brodwin, M ...
The Astrophysical journal,
08/2009, Letnik:
701, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Abstract
Scaling current quantum communication demonstrations to a large-scale quantum network will require not only advancements in quantum hardware capabilities, but also robust control of such ...devices to bridge the gap in user demand. Moreover, the abstraction of tasks and services offered by the quantum network should enable platform-independent applications to be executed without the knowledge of the underlying physical implementation. Here we experimentally demonstrate, using remote solid-state quantum network nodes, a link layer, and a physical layer protocol for entanglement-based quantum networks. The link layer abstracts the physical-layer entanglement attempts into a robust, platform-independent entanglement delivery service. The system is used to run full state tomography of the delivered entangled states, as well as preparation of a remote qubit state on a server by its client. Our results mark a clear transition from physics experiments to quantum communication systems, which will enable the development and testing of components of future quantum networks.
Evidence has emerged suggesting a role for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in immune cell motility. This provides a rationale for a novel and generalized immunoregulatory role for cannabinoid CB2 ...receptor‐specific compounds. In support of this possibility, we will review the biology of a class of cannabinoid CB2 receptor—specific inverse agonist, the triaryl bis‐sulfones. We will show that one candidate, Sch.414319, is potent and selective for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor, based on profiling studies using biochemical assays for 45 enzymes and 80 G‐protein coupled receptors and ion channels. We will describe initial mechanistic studies using this optimized triaryl bis‐sulfone, showing that the compound exerts a broad effect on cellular protein phosphorylations in human monocytes. This profile includes the down regulation of a required phosphorylation of the monocyte‐specific actin bundling protein L‐plastin. We suggest that this observation may provide a mechanism for the observed activity of Sch.414319 in vivo. Our continued analysis of the in vivo efficacy of this compound in diverse disease models shows that Sch.414319 is a potent modulator of immune cell mobility in vivo, can modulate bone damage in antigen‐induced mono‐articular arthritis in the rat, and is uniquely potent at blocking experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat.
British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 226–239; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707480; published online 1 October 2007
Because of the development of large-format, wide-field cameras, microlensing surveys are now able to monitor millions of stars with sufficient cadence to detect planets. These new discoveries will ...span the full range of significance levels including planetary signals too small to be distinguished from the noise. At present, we do not understand where the threshold is for detecting planets. MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb is the first planet to be published from the new surveys, and it also has substantial follow-up observations. This planet is robustly detected in survey+follow-up data ( Delta chi super(2) ~ 5400). The planet/host mass ratio is q = (5.3 + or - 0.2) x 10 super(-3). The best-fit projected separation is s = 0.548 + or - 0.005 Einstein radii. However, due to the s left right arrow s super(-1) degeneracy, projected separations of s super(-1) are only marginally disfavored at Delta chi super(2) = 3. A Bayesian estimate of the host mass gives ML = 0.43 super(+0.27) sub(-0.17) M sub(middot in circle), with a sharp upper limit of ML < 1.2 M sub(middot in circle) from upper limits on the lens flux. Hence, the planet mass is mp = 2.4 super(+1.5) sub(-0.9) M sub(Jup), and the physical projected separation is either r sub(perpendicular) Asymptotically = to 1.0 AU or r sub(perpendicular) Asymptotically = to 3.4 AU. We show that survey data alone predict this solution and are able to characterize the planet, but the Delta chi super(2) is much smaller ( Delta chi super(2) ~ 500) than with the follow-up data. The Delta chi super(2) for the survey data alone is smaller than for any other securely detected planet. This event suggests a means to probe the detection threshold, by analyzing a large sample of events like MOA-2011-BLG-293, which have both follow-up data and high-cadence survey data, to provide a guide for the interpretation of pure survey microlensing data.
Abstract Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and tuberculosis (TB) represent major public health problems. There is currently little data on HBV infection among TB patients with and without human ...immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objectives To assess HBV prevalence among TB patients with and without HIV. Study design From April 2008 to March 2010, a cross-sectional study was conduct among TB patients attended at a reference hospital in Goiânia City, Brazil. The participants were tested for serological markers of HBV infection and HIV antibodies. HBV DNA was detected in HBsAg-positive samples, and also in HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive samples to look for HBV occult infection. Results Of 425 patients, 402 (94.6%) agreed to participate in the study. The overall prevalence of HBV (HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positive) and HIV infections were 25.6% (103/402) and 27.6% (111/402), respectively. A higher HBV infection rate was found among HIV-infected patients (36.9%; 41/111) compared to patients infected with TB only (20.0%; 57/285). A multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that age ≥50 years ( p = 0.03), non-injecting ( p < 0.01) and injecting ( p < 0.01) drugs use were associated with HBV infection. Among the HBsAg-positive samples ( n = 13), HBV DNA was detected in 10 (76.9%) samples. Of the 90 anti-HBc-positive samples, 13 were HBV DNA positive (with very low levels) resulting in an occult HBV infection rate of 14.4%. PCR-RFLP was successfully performed in 20 HBV DNA-positive samples: 15 were genotype A and 5 were genotype D. Conclusions HBV infection was common, particularly among this with HIV infection.
PDF
