To realize the multi-energy coupling integrated energy system to meet the multi-class load demand and achieve the goal of low-carbon economic operation, a bi-level optimal configuration method for ...low-carbon economic operation of multi-energy coupling integrated energy system under different charging modes of electric vehicles is proposed. Firstly, an integrated energy system including cooling-heating-power-gas coupling is established. Then, within the level of intraday scheduling, factors such as ladder carbon trading mechanisms and different charging modes of electric vehicles are considered to achieve the lowest daily scheduling cost. In the configuration planning level, based on the daily operation cost, the equipment capacity is configured with the lowest equipment investment and annual operation costs. The bi-level model is solved by CPLEX solver and the optimal configuration scheme and scheduling results are obtained by mutual iteration. Finally, the impact of different charging methods of electric vehicles on the system economy and low-carbon performance is demonstrated through simulation examples. The results show that the charging method of electric vehicles and the carbon trading mechanism in this article can significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve the system's operating cost. The proposed configuration approach can well achieve low-carbon economic operation of the multi-energy coupling integrated energy system.
In this paper, the enhanced adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye ion on the activated carbon (AC) modified by three surfactants in aqueous solution was researched. Anionic surfactants—sodium lauryl ...sulfate (SLS) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS)—and cationic surfactant—hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)—were used for the modification of AC. This work showed that the adsorption performance of cationic dye by activated carbon modified by anionic surfactants (SLS) was significantly improved, whereas the adsorption performance of cationic dye by activated carbon modified by cationic surfactant (CTAB) was reduced. In addition, the effects of initial MB concentration, AC dosage, pH, reaction time, temperature, real water samples, and additive salts on the adsorption were studied. When Na+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+, and Mg2+ were present in the MB dye solution, the effect of these cations was negligible on the adsorption (<5%). The presence of NO2- improved the adsorption performance significantly, whereas the removal rate of MB was reduced in the presence of competitive cation (Fe2+). It was found that the isotherm data had a good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm through analyzing the experimental data by various models. The dynamics of adsorption were better described by the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The results showed that AC modified by anionic surfactant was effective for the adsorption of MB dye in both modeling water and real water.
We combine theory and experiment to demonstrate that a carefully designed gradient meta-surface supports high-efficiency anomalous reflections for near-infrared light following the generalized ...Snell’s law, and the reflected wave becomes a bounded surface wave as the incident angle exceeds a critical value. Compared to previously fabricated gradient meta-surfaces in infrared regime, our samples work in a shorter wavelength regime with a broad bandwidth (750–900 nm), exhibit a much higher conversion efficiency (∼80%) to the anomalous reflection mode at normal incidence, and keep light polarization unchanged after the anomalous reflection. Finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations are in excellent agreement with experiments. Our findings may lead to many interesting applications, such as antireflection coating, polarization and spectral beam splitters, high-efficiency light absorbers, and surface plasmon couplers.
Abstract
Pathology is practiced by visual inspection of histochemically stained tissue slides. While the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is most commonly used, special stains can provide additional ...contrast to different tissue components. Here, we demonstrate the utility of supervised learning-based computational stain transformation from H&E to special stains (Masson’s Trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff and Jones silver stain) using kidney needle core biopsy tissue sections. Based on the evaluation by three renal pathologists, followed by adjudication by a fourth pathologist, we show that the generation of virtual special stains from existing H&E images improves the diagnosis of several non-neoplastic kidney diseases, sampled from 58 unique subjects (P = 0.0095). A second study found that the quality of the computationally generated special stains was statistically equivalent to those which were histochemically stained. This stain-to-stain transformation framework can improve preliminary diagnoses when additional special stains are needed, also providing significant savings in time and cost.
Pathologists use visual classification of glomerular lesions to assess samples from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). The results may vary among pathologists. Digital algorithms may reduce ...this variability and provide more consistent image structure interpretation.
We developed a digital pipeline to classify renal biopsies from patients with DN. We combined traditional image analysis with modern machine learning to efficiently capture important structures, minimize manual effort and supervision, and enforce biologic prior information onto our model. To computationally quantify glomerular structure despite its complexity, we simplified it to three components consisting of nuclei, capillary lumina and Bowman spaces; and Periodic Acid-Schiff positive structures. We detected glomerular boundaries and nuclei from whole slide images using convolutional neural networks, and the remaining glomerular structures using an unsupervised technique developed expressly for this purpose. We defined a set of digital features which quantify the structural progression of DN, and a recurrent network architecture which processes these features into a classification.
Our digital classification agreed with a senior pathologist whose classifications were used as ground truth with moderate Cohen's kappa κ = 0.55 and 95% confidence interval 0.50, 0.60. Two other renal pathologists agreed with the digital classification with κ
= 0.68, 95% interval 0.50, 0.86 and κ
= 0.48, 95% interval 0.32, 0.64. Our results suggest computational approaches are comparable to human visual classification methods, and can offer improved precision in clinical decision workflows. We detected glomerular boundaries from whole slide images with 0.93±0.04 balanced accuracy, glomerular nuclei with 0.94 sensitivity and 0.93 specificity, and glomerular structural components with 0.95 sensitivity and 0.99 specificity.
Computationally derived, histologic image features hold significant diagnostic information that may augment clinical diagnostics.
Whether PD‐L1‐positive patients derive more overall survival benefit from PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced solid tumours is unclear. We systematically searched the PubMed, Cochrane ...library and EMBASE databases from January 1, 1966 to March 1, 2019, to identify randomised controlled trials of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab) that had available hazard ratios (HRs) for death according to PD‐L1 status. A random‐effects model was used to calculate the pooled overall survival (OS) HR and 95% CI among PD‐L1‐positive and PD‐L1‐negative patients. An interaction test was performed to evaluate the heterogeneity between the two estimates. A total of 24 randomised trials, involving 12,966 participants, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. An OS benefit of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors was found in both PD‐L1‐positive patients (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.60–0.70) and PD‐L1‐negative patients (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74–0.91) even at the minimum cut‐off value of 1%. Significant differences in the efficacy of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors between PD‐L1‐positive and PD‐L1‐negative patients were noted at different cut‐off values. Moreover, there was a positive dose–response relationship between PD‐L1 positivity and OS benefit (HR for 1%, 0.58, 0.50, 0.67; 5%, 0.52 0.43, 0.64; 10%, 0.50 0.40, 0.63). Subgroup analyses showed that these results were generally consistent, regardless of study design, line of treatment, treatment type, tumour type, PD‐L1 staining cell type and median follow‐up time. We demonstrated that PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors significantly improved OS in both PD‐L1 positive and PD‐L1 negative patients compared to controls, but the magnitude of benefit was clinically PD‐L1‐dependent.
What's new?
The programmed cell death‐1 protein receptor (PD‐1) and its ligand (PD‐L1) checkpoint pathway play a critical role in promoting tumour growth. However, whether PD‐L1‐positive patients derive more overall survival benefit from PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced solid tumours remains unclear and inconclusive. The present meta‐analysis demonstrated that PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors significantly improved overall survival in both PD‐L1‐positive and negative patients compared with controls, but the magnitude of the benefit was clinically PD‐L1‐dependent. The evidence suggests that both future research in anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapies and clinical practice should take into account PD‐L1‐related heterogeneity of responsiveness to treatments.
•Cyclic loading tests were conducted for the ACE and ECE technologies corroded RC columns.•Appearance, corrosion crack, corrosion characteristics of corroded columns using ACE and ECE were ...compared.•The corrosion products due to ACE and ECE were analyzed using X-ray diffraction.•Specimen’s failure mode, hysteresis curve, backbone curve, and seismic performance indexes were compared.
Corrosion of reinforcement bars can cause reinforced concrete (RC) columns more vulnerable under seismic loads. In this study, the seismic behavior of corroded RC columns was experimentally studied with a focus on the comparison between two different accelerated corrosion techniques by using artificial climate environment (ACE) and electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE). To do this, six RC square columns were designed and fabricated as the test specimens. The test specimens were categorized into two groups with a low level and a high level of axial compression ratio (i.e., 0.1 and 0.45), respectively, and each group includes three test specimens, i.e., an uncorroded column and two corroded columns under ACE and ECE techniques. An X-ray diffraction approach was used to examine the major ingredients of corrosion products attached on the corroded reinforcement bars under ACE and ECE techniques. The column specimens were subjected to repeated cyclic loadings, and the failure modes, hysteresis and backbone curves, stiffness degradation, ductility level and energy dissipation of the specimens corroded under different techniques were compared. The results show that, under a consistent target corrosion level, the ECE corrosion technique can cause more significant damage to the corroded RC columns than the ACE corrosion technique, leading to a change of failure mode and worse hysteretic performance.
Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis, but whether the level of triglyceride (TG) is related to severity of pancreatitis is unclear.
To evaluate the effect of TG ...level on the severity of hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP).
Retrospective cohort study.
We reviewed the records of 144 patients with HTGP from 1999 to 2013 at Tri-Service General Hospital. Patients with possible etiology of pancreatitis, such as gallstones, those consuming alcohol or drugs, or those with infections were excluded. The classification of severity of pancreatitis was based on the revised Atlanta classification. We allocated the patients into high-TG and low-TG groups based on the optimal cut-off value (2648 mg/dL), which was derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve between TG level and severity of HTGP. We then compared the clinical characteristics, pancreatitis severity, and mortality rates of the groups.
There were 66 patients in the low-TG group and 78 patients in the high-TG group. There was no significant difference in the age, sex ratio, body mass index, and comorbidity between the 2 groups. The high-TG group had significantly higher levels of glucose (P = 0.022), total cholesterol (P = 0.002), and blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.037), and lower levels of sodium (P = 0.003) and bicarbonate (P = 0.002) than the low-TG group. The incidences of local complication (P = 0.002) and severe and moderate form of pancreatitis (P = 0.004) were significantly higher in the high-TG group than in the low-TG group. The mortality rate was higher in the high-TG group than in the low-TG group (P = 0.07).
Higher TG level in patients with HTGP may be associated with adverse prognosis, but randomized and prospective studies are needed in the future verify this relationship.
Ionising radiation (IR) is a recognised carcinogen responsible for cancer development in patients previously treated using radiotherapy, and in individuals exposed as a result of accidents at nuclear ...energy plants. However, the mutational signatures induced by distinct types and doses of radiation are unknown. Here, we analyse the genetic architecture of mammary tumours, lymphomas and sarcomas induced by high (
Fe-ions) or low (gamma) energy radiation in mice carrying Trp53 loss of function alleles. In mammary tumours, high-energy radiation is associated with induction of focal structural variants, leading to genomic instability and Met amplification. Gamma-radiation is linked to large-scale structural variants and a point mutation signature associated with oxidative stress. The genomic architecture of carcinomas, sarcomas and lymphomas arising in the same animals are significantly different. Our study illustrates the complex interactions between radiation quality, germline Trp53 deficiency and tissue/cell of origin in shaping the genomic landscape of IR-induced tumours.
The influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex consists in three subunits, PB2, PB1 and PA, that perform transcription and replication of the viral genome through very distinct ...mechanisms. Biochemical and structural studies have revealed that the polymerase can adopt multiple conformations and form oligomers. However so far it remained unclear whether the available oligomeric crystal structures represent a functional state of the polymerase. Here we gained new insights into this question, by investigating the incompatibility between non-cognate subunits of influenza polymerase brought together through genetic reassortment. We observed that a 7:1 reassortant virus whose PB2 segment derives from the A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus in an otherwise A/PR/8/34 (PR8) backbone is attenuated, despite a 97% identity between the PR8-PB2 and WSN-PB2 proteins. Independent serial passages led to the selection of phenotypic revertants bearing distinct second-site mutations on PA, PB1 and/or PB2. The constellation of mutations present on one revertant virus was studied extensively using reverse genetics and cell-based reconstitution of the viral polymerase. The PA-E349K mutation appeared to play a major role in correcting the initial defect in replication (cRNA -> vRNA) of the PR8xWSN-PB2 reassortant. Strikingly the PA-E349K mutation, and also the PB2-G74R and PB1-K577G mutations present on other revertants, are located at a dimerization interface of the polymerase. All three restore wild-type-like polymerase activity in a minigenome assay while decreasing the level of polymerase dimerization. Overall, our data show that the polymerase subunits co-evolve to ensure not only optimal inter-subunit interactions within the heterotrimer, but also proper levels of dimerization of the heterotrimer which appears to be essential for efficient viral RNA replication. Our findings point to influenza polymerase dimerization as a feature that is controlled by a complex interplay of genetic determinants, can restrict genetic reassortment, and could become a target for antiviral drug development.
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