The paper addresses the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of the interconnected two-area power system under deregulated environment. Area 1 includes thermal system, Distributed Generation (DG), and ...aggregate Electric Vehicle (EV) wheras area 2 contains thermal system, gas system, and aggregate electric vehicle. Nonlinearities such as Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), Governor Dead Band (GDB), Boiler Dynamics (BD), and Communication Delay (CD) are explored in the proposed test system to achieve a realistic approach. For considering cross coupling effect between excitation system and AGC, an exact model has been investigated. A novel cascade controller
has been proposed to achieve the desired goal. For optimum values of controller, new novel Quasi Opposition Lion Optimization Algorithm (QOLOA) has been suggested and implemented for the studied system. The sensitivity analysis study was performed to assess the robustness of the proposed controller by varying system parameters. System parameters are varied by ±25%, ±35%, and ±50%, and the result shows the robustness of the controller and algorithm For the proposed controller, Figure of Demerit (FOD) is compared with various algorithms, and the Integral square Error (ISE) is taken as objective function. The optimistic results shows the effectiveness & superiority of proposed AGC in different scenario of deregulation.
The present study aims at developing a theoretical model for sliding wear analysis of the cobalt metal powder reinforced Aluminum (Al7075) alloy composites and perform an experimental run for ...validation of the theoretical model. The alloy composites are fabricated in high temperature vacuum centrifugal casting set-up by varying the cobalt metal powder to analyze the effect of different weight fraction (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 wt.-% cobalt metal powder) of cobalt metal powder on wear and coefficient of friction analysis under different operating conditions(such as Normal load (20N-80N), Sliding speed (0.25m/s-1.25m/s) and Sliding distance (250 m-1250 m).Finally, the specificwear rate of the alloy composites is studied experimentally to get the wear rate and coefficient of friction of the alloy composites. At the end, the worn surface morphology of the alloy composites is studied by using scanning electron microscopic to understand the type of wear failure in different operating medium.
In this research work, designing and fabrication of hybrid epoxy polymer composite materials had been carried out. It consists of basalt fiber (constant fraction) and marble dust particulates (0–10 ...wt% @ step of 2.5%) ensuing five compositions namely, MBE-0, MBE-2.5, MBE-5, MBE-7.5, and MBE-10. The specimen’s undergone physical, mechanical, and thermo-mechanical characterizations followed by three-body abrasive wear performance evaluation. Parametric optimizations of the wear have been evaluated with the Taguchi technique. The performance data are used to rank the compositions using a hybrid AHP-VIKOR selection making tool. It has been observed that voids content improves with reinforcement up to 5 wt% marble dust reinforcement, thereafter, it deteriorates sharply. The mechanical properties with 5 wt% marble dust reinforcement found to be highest. The thermo-mechanical characteristics like modulus and damping improve with marble dust reinforcement and temperature. The Cole-Cole plots reveal the heterogeneity present in the composites. The Taguchi’s analysis reveals the order of operating factors influencing specific wear rate as abrading distance > normal load > reinforcement composition > abrasive size. The steady state-specific wear rate of the composites reveals decremented rate across the abrading distance range irrespective of reinforcement proportions and at any specific abrading distance the order it followed as MBE-5 < MBE-7.5 < MBE-2.5 < MBE-10 < MBE-0. The ranking analysis using hybrid AHP-VIKOR technique predicts the ranking sequence as MBE-5 > MBE-7.5 > MBE-2.5 > MBE-10 > MBE-0, which are in-line with subjective analysis.
This article evaluates frother performance by studying a two-phase gas-liquid system. Surface tension, foamability, foam stability, and bubble-size distribution were measured as a function of frother ...type, frother dosage, and solution pH. Variation of bubble size with respect to frother concentration was used for predicting the critical coalescence concentration (CCC) of selected alcohol and polyglycol ether family frothers. An inverse relationship was found between critical coalescence concentration and dynamic foamability index (DFI). Frothers DF-1012 and PPG were found to be more powerful in terms of stability, foamability, and CCC than frothers belonging to the alcohol family. Frother effectiveness was found to be relatively better in alkaline pH.
The Load Frequency Control (LFC) of compound power system is investigated in this paper under deregulation condition. The proposed system is divided into two areas. Area-l includes a thermal system, ...a biogas plant, Electric Vehicle (EV) and Dish Stirling Solar Thermal (DSTS) and Area-2 includes a thermal system, a biogas plant, EV and Wind Turbine System (WTS). The whole power generated by DSTS and WTS is fed to respective area. A modified crossbreed two degree freedom controller is considered. To improve controller gain, the Quasi Opposition Lion Optimization Algorithm (QOLOA) is applied. To damp oscillation in response of test system Hybrid Energy Storage (HES) is applied. HES consist of Redox Flow Battery (RBF) and Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES).
The Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a compound power system is investigated in this research under deregulation conditions. The test system is divided into two areas, each of which includes a thermal ...system, a biogas plant, Distributed Generation (DG), and an Electric Vehicle (EV). The HVDC line is utilized to improve tie-line power transfer capability. Frequency regulation is accomplished using the HVDC energy that has been stored. A crossbreed fuzzy and three degree freedom controller is considered. Uncontracted load is going to be handled by EV. To improve controller gain, the Quasi Opposition Lion Optimization Algorithm (QOLOA) is applied. Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC) is used to improve transfer capability of AC tie-line.
This article proposes a virtual inertia control based Electric Vehicle (EV) structure to enhance Power System Frequency Regulation (FR). Modern networks have significantly less inertia than older ...ones, therefore keeping reserves of power (like batteries) would need very fast regulatory responses to reduce frequency swings in the grid. The power system under study incorporates many real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, generation rate constraint (GRC), and governor dead band (GDB), in addition to three distinct energy sources-gas, hydro, and thermal-in each control region. Three controllers-TID, ID- T, and PID- T (proposed)-are applicable to both scheduled and unscheduled power under various contracts, including poolco, bilateral, and contract violation-based transactions, using different tie-lines. A new type of modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative- Tilt (PID- T) controller has been created and compared with a few controllers that are currently in use. To optimize the several parameters of the suggested controller, a modified version of the Sea-horse Optimisation (SHO) approach has been used. A few well-known meta-heuristic algorithms are compared to the SHO in order to show its superiority. Under bilateral-based transactions, analysis was conducted to verify the robustness and flexibility of the suggested controller. The extensive research results provide compelling evidence supporting the value and effectiveness of the suggested controller and optimization.
This article's aim is to investigate how a restructured power system's automated generation control (AGC) demonstrates the intermittent character of renewable energy sources (RESs). The power plant ...under study incorporates many real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, generation rate constraint (GRC), and governor dead band (GDB), in addition to three distinct energy sources-gas, hydro, and thermal-in each control region. Through various tie-lines, three controllers-TID, ID-T, and PID-T (proposed)-are applicable for both planned and unscheduled power under different contracts, including poolco, contract violation-based transactions and bilateral. In addition, RESs (such as solar and wind plants) is used for case study purpose. A new type of modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Tilt (PID-T) controller has been developed and compared with some existing controllers. A modified Sea-horse Optimisation (SHO) method has been presented for optimising the various parameters of the proposed controller. To demonstrate the SHO's superiority, a few popular meta-heuristic algorithms are compared to it. To check the robustness and flexibility of the recommended controller, analysis was done under a poolco-based transactions. The comprehensive study findings provide strong proof in favor of the proposed controller and optimization's effectiveness and efficacy.
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