In the present study three different types of neural models: multi-layer perceptron (MLP), generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and radial basis function (RBF) has been used to predict the ...exergetic efficiency of roughened solar air heater. The experiments were conducted at NIT Jamshedpur, India, using two different types of absorber plate: arc shape wire rib roughened with relative roughness height 0.0395, relative roughness pitch 10 and angle of attack 60°, and smooth absorber plates for 7 days. Total 210 data sets were collected from the experiments. Mass flow rate, relative humidity, wind speed, ambient air temperature, inlet air temperature, mean air temperature, average plate temperature and solar intensity were selected as input parameters in input layer to estimate the exergetic efficiency. In the first part of study, MLP model has been used. In this model 10–20 neurons with LM learning algorithm were used in hidden layer for optimal model selection. It has been found that LM-18 is an optimal model. In second part, GRNN model was used. The GRNN model was simulated experimentally at different spread constants and found that keeping spread constant as 1.5, optimal results have been obtained. In the third part, RBF model was used. For optimal model, 1–5 spread constant at interval of 0.5 have been used. It has been found that by taking spread constant 3.5, best results are obtained. In the last part of the study, all neural models are compared on the basis of statistical error analysis. It has been found that RBF model is better than GRNN and MLP models due to lowest value of RMSE and MAE and highest value of R2 and ME. After RBF model, GRNN model performs better results as compared to MLP model. It has been found that the values of RMSE, MAE and R2 were 0.001652, 2.86E-04 and 0.99999 respectively for RBF model.
•MLP, RBF and GRNN models were used to predict exergetic performance of SAH.•Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm was applied for training in MLP model.•Best results have been observed for MLP model using 18 neurons (LM-18).•GRNN and RBF models are optimal at spread constants 1.5 and 3.5 respectively.•RBF model is the best among the three models MLP, GRNN and RBF.
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•The cell parameters are found under varied conditions by SDM-LambertW function.•The SDM parameters are estimated by the implementation of ALO in IPython.•The proposed method provides ...more robust values of parameters than existing methods.
The performance of a solar cell is studied by estimating the internal parameters using single diode model (SDM). The environmental operating conditions like temperature and solar irradiance also influence the electrical I–V curves that characterize the photovoltaic cell. In this paper, the parameters of the solar cell are extracted using the desired single diode model equations, expressed using LambertW function under the influence of temperature and irradiance through the experimental I–V data using Ant Lion Optimizer implemented in IPython. The simulated results are validated by the obtained low Root Mean Squared Error. The different internal parameters under varied environmental conditions, obtained by the LambertW-based Ant Lion Optimizer are in good agreement with the literature reports and proves to be an effective technique.
The present work experimentally analyses the flow behaviour near the T-shaped spur dike field with no seepage, 5%, and 10% downward seepage. Experiments were aimed at analysing the channel morphology ...with different discharges. According to the results, downward seepage movement causes significant modification in the channels bed elevation and the development of scour depth. The maximum scour depth is observed at the edge of the first spur dike facing the flow. The rate of scouring also increases with the effect of seepage. Due to downward seepage, the flow distribution is shifted near the channel bed. However, near the channel boundary attained some velocity, significantly enhancing the sediment transport rate. The wake zone between the spur dikes saw very low-velocity magnitudes of positive and negative values. This reveals secondary current generation inside the loop and cross-stream circulation. With an increment of seepage percentage, the velocity, Reynold shear stress, and turbulent kinetic energy magnitude also rise close to the channel's boundary.
Herein, flexible polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite films reinforced with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay and titanium dioxide (TiO
...2
) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a simple and low-cost solution casting method. The surface morphology of PVDF/GNPs/TiO
2
/MMT nanocomposites and the interaction between PVDF, GNPs, TiO
2
NPs and MMT nanofillers was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The dielectric properties of the prepared nanocomposite films were evaluated using a frequency response impedance analyzer in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 20 MHz at various temperatures. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of PVDF/GNPs/TiO
2
/MMT nanocomposites was measured in the Ku-band region (12–18 GHz) and the maximum SE of 12.6 dB was obtained for nanocomposites with GNPs-2.5%, MMT-1% and TiO
2
-11.5%. Considering the excellent EMI shielding performance, these nanocomposites can have promising applications in smart electronics and flexible devices.
Marine ecosystems are complex and dynamic in nature and influenced by various environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, ocean currents, nutrient availability, light penetration, and ...anthropogenic activities. Macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) and dissolved oxygen (DO) are crucial properties for determining the health, function, and dynamics of marine ecosystems. There are known limitations with the in-situ measurements that emphasize the importance of satellite-based models for estimating these properties on the required space and time scales. In this study, we present a number of robust Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models comprising of 16 DO models and 24 macronutrients models for estimating the concentrations of global-scale ocean surface DO and macronutrients. These models were rigorously trained and tested using the large in-situ datasets. Model performance was assessed using independent in-situ data and it was found that the proposed models yielded high accuracies (Root Mean Square Difference (RMSD) in μmol kg−1, Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) in μmol kg−1, and coefficient of determination (R2)): DO: 8.276, 3.802, and 0.984; Nitrate: 0.827, 0.329, and 0.987; Phosphate: 0.068, 0.034, and 0.983; and Silicate: 1.921, 0.757, and 0.982. The optimal input parameters and kernel combinations for GPR models were identified as (i) sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), and latitude/longitude for DO, and (ii) SST, SSS, DO, and latitude/longitude for macronutrients. The satellite estimates based on the exponential kernel functions showed good agreement with in-situ data (RMSD, MAD, R2, Slope, and Intercept: 9.794, 4.850, 0.948, 0.986, and 4.206 for the DO products, 1.711, 0.652, 0.824, 0.884, and 0.249 for the nitrate products, 0.127, 0.064, 0.805, 0.869, and 0.033 for the phosphate products, and 2.809, 1.067, 0.533, 0.622, and 1.117 for the silicate products). Further tests on World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2018 SST and SSS data yielded similar results for the DO and macronutrients contents. To realize the importance of this study, we investigated the early and substantial spring bloom occurrences in the Gulf of Alaska in response to the DO and macronutrients contents as well as the monthly and interannual variations and anomalies of SST, SSS, DO, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the California Current System (CCS) and Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) in the Niño-3.4 region using climatological data (2002−2023). The proposed models will have important implications for remote sensing of regional and global biogeochemical properties and marine ecosystem dynamics.
•Proposed models for ocean surface dissolved oxygen and macronutrients.•Rigorously assessed with both in-situ and satellite data.•Satellite estimates closely align with in-situ data.•Significant implications for remote sensing of dissolved oxygen and macronutrients
The corrosion resistance behavior of graphene oxide (GO) sheets-coated carbonyl iron (CI) microspheres (GO/p-CI sample) was investigated and compared with that of bare CI particles. The GO coating on ...the CI particles was achieved by utilizing 4-aminobenzoic acid as grafting agent. The cyclic voltammetry of the electrode containing this GO/p-CI sample in 1 mol/L KCl solution does not show any oxidation-peak in contrast to that of the bare carbonyl iron (CI) containing electrode. The charge transfer resistance of GO/p-CI sample was measured to be higher than that of bare CI. The corrosion-potential shifts towards the positive potential direction confirming higher passivity/less corrosive nature of the GO/p-CI sample. Furthermore, the corrosion-current of GO/p-CI sample was lower than that of the bare CI particles. Our results confirm the passivity and excellent corrosion protection behavior of the GO coating on iron structures.
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•Denaturation temperature and enthalpy of sunflower protein isolates were decreased.•SDS-PAGE profile showed a significant reduction in molecular weight.•Increase in surface hydrophobicity and ...sulfhydryl content was observed after ultrasound treatment.•Particle size of sunflower protein isolates was reduced.•All functional properties were improved significantly except water binding capacity.
The influence of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) on physicochemical and functional properties of sunflower protein isolates was investigated. Protein solutions (10% w/v) were treated with ultrasound probe (20kHz) and ultrasound bath (40kHz) for 5, 10, 20 and 30min. Thermal stability of protein isolates was reduced as indicated by differential scanning calorimetry. Minimum thermal stability was observed at 20min of sonication and increased further with increase in treatment time indicating aggregation at prolonged sonication. SDS-PAGE profile of proteins showed a significant reduction in molecular weight. Further, surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content increased after HIUS treatment indicating partial unfolding of proteins and reduction in the intermolecular interactions. The particle size analysis showed that HIUS treatment reduced the particle size. Less turbid solution were observed largely due to reduction in particle size. HIUS decreased the available lysine content in protein isolates. Solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, foam stability and oil binding capacity were improved significantly, while as, water binding capacity was decreased. The effect of HIUS on physicochemical and functional properties of sunflower protein isolates was more pronounced in probe sonication rather than bath sonication. Protein isolates with improved functional properties can be obtained using high intensity ultrasound technology.
Regioselective syntheses of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were accomplished by three different strategies, relying on (i) the interception of stoichiometrically formed ...5-cuprated-1,2,3-triazoles, (ii) the use of stoichiometrically functionalized alkynes or (iii) catalytic C-H bond functionalizations. This perspective article summarizes progress in this research area until June 2010.
Summary Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the common sleep disordered breathings in adults, characterised by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. Craniofacial disharmony is ...an important risk factor for OSA. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) study is considered to be the most reliable confirmatory investigation for OSA diagnosis, whereas the precise localization of site of obstruction to the airflow cannot be detected. Identifying the cause of OSA in a particular ethnic population/individual subject helps to understand the etiological factors and effective management of OSA. The objective of the systematic review is to elucidate altered craniofacial anatomy on lateral cephalograms in adult subjects with established OSA. Significant weighted mean difference with insignificant heterogeneity were found for the following parameters: anterior lower facial height (ALFH: 2.48 mm), position of hyoid bone (Go-H: 5.45 mm, S-H: 6.89 mm, GoGn-H: 11.84º, GoGn-H: 7.22 mm, N-S-H: 2.14º), and pharyngeal airway space (PNS-Phw: -1.55 mm, pharyngeal space: -495.74 mm2 and oro-pharyngeal area: -151.15 mm2 ). Significant weighted mean difference with significant heterogeneity were found for the following parameters: cranial base (SN: -2.25 mm, S-N-Ba: -1.45º), position and length of mandible (SNB: -1.49º and Go-Me: -5.66 mm) respectively, maxillary length (ANS-PNS: -1.76 mm), tongue area (T: 366.51 mm2 ), soft palate area (UV: 125.02 mm2 ), and upper airway length (UAL: 5.39 mm). This meta-analysis supports the relationship between craniofacial disharmony and obstructive sleep apnea. There is a strong evidence for reduced pharyngeal airway space, inferiorly placed hyoid bone and increased anterior facial heights in adult OSA patients compared to control subjects. The cephalometric analysis provides insight into anatomical basis of the etiology of OSA that can influence making a choice of appropriate therapy.
The present study was undertaken to characterize the distinct immune response in indigenous Ghurrah and exotic Landrace pigs by challenging monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with CSF virus under ...in-vitro conditions and assessing the variations in the transcriptome profile at 48 h post-infection (hpi). RNA-sequencing was carried out in infected and non-infected MDMs of Ghurrah (n = 3) and Landrace (n = 3) piglets prior- as well as post-stimulation. MDMs of Ghurrah showed greater immune regulation in response to CSF infection with 518 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) in infected versus non-infected MDMs, as compared to only 31 DEGs in Landrace MDMs. In Landrace, the principal regulators of inflammation (IL1α, IL1β and TNF) were upregulated in infected cells while in Ghurrah, these were downregulated. Overall, macrophages from indigenous Ghurrah showed more immunological dysregulation in response to virulent CSF virus infection as compared to the exotic Landrace pigs.
•The present study aimed to characterize the distinct immune response in indigenous Ghurrah and exotic Landrace pigs against CSF vaccination.•Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were stimulated with CSF virus under in-vitro conditions.•The variations in the transcriptome profile via RNA-Seq approach were assessed in stimulated cells at 48 h post-infection.•MDMs of Ghurrah showed greater immune regulation in response to CSF infection with 518 significantly differentially expressed genes in infected versus non-infected MDMs, as compared to only 31 DEGs in Landrace MDMs.•In Landrace, the principal regulators of inflammation (IL1α, IL1β and TNF) were upregulated in infected cells while in Ghurrah, these were downregulated.•Macrophages from indigenous Ghurrah showed more immunological dysregulation in response to virulent CSF virus infection as compared to the exotic Landrace pigs.
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