The growing energy supply, demand has created an interest towards the plant equipment efficiency and the optimization of existing thermal power plants. Also, a thermal power plant dependency on ...fossil fuel makes it a little bit difficult, because of environmental impacts has been always taken into consideration. At present, most of the power plants are going to be designed by the energetic performance criterion which is based on the first law of thermodynamics. Sometimes, the system energy balance is not sufficient for the possible finding of the system imperfections. Energy losses taking place in a system can be easily determined by using exergy analysis. Hence, it is a powerful tool for the measurement of energy quality, thereby helps to make complex thermodynamic systems more efficient. Nowadays, economic optimization of plant is also a big problem for researchers because of the complex nature. At a viewpoint of this, a comprehensive literature review over the years of energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and economic (4-E) analysis and their applications in thermal power plants stimulated by coal, gas, combined cycle and cogeneration system have been done thoroughly. This paper is addressed to those researchers who are doing their research work on 4-E analysis in various thermal power plants. If anyone extracts an idea for the development of the concept of 4-E analysis using this article, we will achieve our goal. This review also indicates the scope of future research in thermal power plants.
ABSTRACT
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of ...associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
Yeast in vaccine development.
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•Integration of SAPF in the hybrid energy system to improve the power quality.•Extraction of MPP in PV and wind systems using different artificial intelligent control ...techniques.•Control of SAPF using SRF based artificial intelligent control strategies.•HIL development of the complete system using OPAL-RT hardware controller.
The current power distribution system involves usage of nonlinear loads that cause power quality problems. Further, the penetration of renewable energy sources is increasing in the power networks to satisfy the consistently rising energy demand, which changes the traditional network plan and control drastically. This paper presents an intelligently controlled hybrid energy system (HES) integrated with shunt active power filter (SAPF) to address the power quality problems. Renewable sources like-Wind, PV and fuel cell (FC) are integrated into HES and are regulated using artificial intelligence techniques that are also implemented for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in both PV and wind energy systems. The dynamic performance of SAPF is optimized using fuzzy logic, neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based control algorithms. These controllers provide the smooth DC-link voltage and minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) produced by the balanced/unbalanced and nonlinear loads. Comparison of these reveal that the ANFIS based algorithm provides minimum THD. The system is tested in real-time using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup. The control schemes are executed on FPGA based OPAL-RT4510computational engine with microsecond step.
► Main motive of this paper is to manufacture a material, which is economical, easy to manufacture and have high tribological properties. ► We examine the wear of hybrid composite for high parameter ...(load, sliding speed, Sliding distance). ► Specific wear of the material increase with the increase of load and slightly decrease with the increase in the sliding distance. ► Specific wear rate of the materials initially decreased with respect to sliding speed, after transition speed it increased with increase in the sliding distance.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the specific wear rate of the unreinforced Al 7075 and hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with the hard ceramic (7wt.% of SiC) and soft solid lubricant (3wt.% of graphite) fabricated by using stir casting method. The unlubricated pin-on-disc wear tests were conducted to examine the wear behavior of the aluminum alloy and its composites. The sliding wear tests were carried out at various loads (20–60N), speeds (2–6m/s), and sliding distances (2000–4000m). It is inferred that specific wear rate of the hybrid composite is lower than that of the unreinforced Al 7075 in all combination of loads, sliding speeds, and sliding distances. The specific wear rate exhibited increasing trend with change of load. However, it is apparent from the result that specific wear rate decreases up to the speed of 4m/s and then starts increasing. To recognize the mixing of reinforcement, worn surfaces and wear debris tested samples were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM and EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which is a statistic method has been used to find out the most significant factor, which influence the specific wear rate. Consequently, it is concluded that load is most significant factor which leaves an effect on specific wear rate. Sliding speed and sliding distance provide the secondary contribution to the performance indicator.
PurposeIn globalized market, organizations of all sizes are having huge opportunities for growth. However, due to various resource constraints, it has become challenging for small and medium ...enterprises (SMEs) of growing economies to survive in this global competition. Effective supply chain management (SCM) can be a major driving factor for success of Indian SMEs in dynamic world economy. SMEs face many operational challenges while implementing effective SCM. The purpose of this paper is to study different strategic issues for successful implementation of SCM in Indian SMEs.Design/methodology/approachA survey has been conducted in Indian SMEs of different sectors. Major constructs of survey instrument are motivations, hindrances, investment priorities, supply chain practices and performance. In total, 1,500 Indian SMEs have been approached for collecting response through survey instrument. 257 complete responses were finalized. Statistical analysis of data acquired from survey is performed by using SPSS software.FindingsIt is observed that managing customers, organization resources, and inventory are main SCM practices. Major investment areas are systems for developing quick response and quality management. Currently, human resource and knowledge management have been found to be less priority areas for SMEs. The major focus of Indian SMEs is on cost and lead time reduction by having effective SCM.Originality/valueNovelty of this study is that strategic issues for effective SCM in context to Indian SMEs have been analyzed. The findings of the study will help Indian SMEs in doing strategic planning for being competitive in the global market.
Emerged in the middle of 20th century, composite materials are now one of the hotspot research topics in the modern technology. Their promising characteristics make them suitable for enormous ...applications in industrial field such as aerospace, automotive, construction, sports, bio-medical and many others. These materials reveal remarkable structural and mechanical properties such as high strength to weight ratio, resistance to chemicals, fire, corrosion and wear; being economical to manufacture. Herein, an overview of composite materials, their characterization, classification and main advantages linked to physical and mechanical properties based on the recent studies are presented. There, were presented the conventional manufacturing techniques of composite and their applications. It was highlighted the tremendous need to discovery new generation of composites that should incorporate the synthetic or natural materials by implementing new efficient manufacturing processes. In the combination of matrix and reinforcement materials, the use of natural materials as constituent are compulsory in order to obtain a complete material degradable as environmentally friendly.
Kaizen is a practice of continuous improvements in manufacturing, assembly, quality and engineering. In this paper author have discussed the problems faced by a leading automobile manufacturing ...organization on quality of interior parts of the automobile like plastics and rubber. During study author used a new technique called “Global Customer Audit” which is basically a vehicle audit from final customer point of view for interior parts of automobiles. During this audit, author has observed various defects and by using different quality control tools like pareto charts, histograms, check sheets and arranged defects according to their intensity or magnitude of occurrence i.e. finding useful one from trivial many. In this paper, the author found the root cause of defects by using different quality control tools. Kaizen is done to remove these defects and continuously improve products and production processes. Kaizen helps in making manufacturing process leaner, simple and fitter. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of Kaizen, its application in case organization for solving problems raising big quality concerns on a day to day bases.
Increasing global energy demand and concerns of carbon emissions have driven the utilisation of renewable sources such as biomass. Biomass pyrolysis in the presence of catalyst, i.e., biomass ...catalytic pyrolysis (CP), is one of the most efficient routes for generating renewable hydrocarbon fuels or commodity chemicals. Most previous review papers on biomass CP focused on the summary of catalyst classification, properties and performance based on product yields and oil quality. Information on biomass CP process especially effects of different reaction atmospheres has not been reviewed or discussed in sufficient detail. This paper aims to provide a review and insights of the essential process factors and system structure of the lignocellulosic biomass CP with emphasis on process performance indexes such as bio-oil’s effective hydrogen to carbon ratio, deoxygenation degree, carbon efficiency and energy efficiency. The paper sections are organised in order of biomass CP catalysts, biomasss CP assessment, modification of essential process factors (e.g., biomass pre-treatment, co-feeding with other materials, atmosphere and temperature) and variations in the system structure (e.g., heat source alternatives, staged catalysis and process integration). Variations in process factors and system structure can possibly tailor the products and improve the economic attraction. A number of questions about biomass CP are still unclear. The current status, challenges and future research directions of biomass CP are also discussed in the paper. The comprehensive review and insights of the biomass CP process in this work will provide reference for the research and industrialisation of biomass CP for renewable fuel production.
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•Modifications of essential factors may positively affect oil yield and properties.•Biomass CP performance varies under different atmospheres of H2, CH4, NH3, etc.•Variations in system structure may enable better economics of biomass CP.•Current status, challenges and future research directions are discussed.
In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a novel environmentally friendly hydroelectric cell without an electrolyte or external current source. The hydroelectric cell ...comprised a nanoporous Li substituted magnesium ferrite pellet in contact with two electrodes, with zinc as the anode and silver as an inert cathode. The surface unsaturated cations and oxygen vacancies in the nanoporous ferrite dissociated water molecules into hydronium and hydroxide ions when the hydroelectric cell was dipped into deionized water. Hydroxide ions migrated toward the zinc electrode to form zinc hydroxide and the hydronium ions were evolved as H2 gas at the silver electrode. The zinc hydroxide collected as anode mud was converted into ZnO nanoparticles by heating at 250°C. Structural analysis using Raman spectroscopy indicated the good crystallinity of the ZnO nanoparticles according to the presence of a high intensity E2-(high) mode. The nanoparticle size distribution was 5–20nm according to high resolution transmission electron microscopy. An indirect band gap of 2.75eV was determined based on the Tauc plot, which indicated the existence of an interstitial cation level in ZnO. Near band edge and blue emissions were detected in photoluminescence spectral studies. The blue emissions obtained from the ZnO nanoparticles could potentially have applications in blue lasers and LEDs. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using this method had a high dielectric constant value of 5 at a frequency of 1MHz, which could be useful for fabricating nano-oscillators. This facile, clean, and cost-effective method obtained a significant yield of 0.017g for ZnO nanoparticles without applying an external current source.
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•A novel method is proposed for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles.•This process only utilizes distilled water and Zn foil.•This process is clean, safe, and inexpensive for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles.•This facile process obtains a significant yield of good quality ZnO nanoparticles.
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