The agricultural land (AL) needs to be protected due to the steady growth of the global population and the demand for the food, living, work and recreation. The legislation in the area of AL ...protection in Slovakia has had almost 70-year tradition and 5 regulations with various effectivity of protection have been passed. These regulations reflect the social relations, technical advance, legal culture, as well as the experience of lawmakers. The basic characteristics for the land protection were defined by the social relations in the country. The first years are characterized by the collectivization of land, which changed the individual private farmsteads to collective. The alignment of public and private legal interests in the agricultural sector was disrupted by decisions of the Communist party and the scientific view on the concept of land protection conflicted with the political interests. This 40-year period caused a disruption of the relationship between the farmers and the land, which has not been restored up to the present day. The transformational era is characterized by a downfall of big state farms and a transformation to the market economy. The agrarian policy after 1990 was dominated by a conflict between the efforts to restore the private farmsteads from the era before 1950 and the need to preserve the big agricultural companies, which would be adequately competitive in the free market. The last era is linked to the accession of the Slovak Republic to the European Union in 2004. Since this year, the concept of land protection has been synchronized with the scientific, political and legislative perception of land in the international area and the land protection has been a subject of a vast legal regulation. The degree of land protection is a result of multiple laws and lower regulations and decrees and their synergic effect is expected in the practice. The paper analyses 5 regulations which are focused on the AL protection, and its aim is to quantify the legislative protection level between years 1951 and 2020. The value of agricultural land protection index (ALPI) is increasing with time and it reflects the weak and strong aspects of the protection in the context of social, economic, and ecological potential of the land. The analysis monitors 107 directive, control, and economic tools for AL protection. The results are presented in graphs and the relevant information is highlighted and explained. The results show the favourable evolution of the land protection in Slovakia. In the discussion, there is a space for the effectiveness assessment of the observed regulations, for the comparison of the objectives of the individual regulations and the practical results of the effect of these regulations on social relations. The statistics of the land evolution in the observed 70-year period are good indicators for this purpose. Since the analysis shows the negatives of the regulations, it provides new impulses and can be inspiration for the lawmakers. The method used for the regulation assessment or the comparison of regulations can be applied in various fields of science.
•Land care is a manifestation of the state's advancement and the cultural level of its population.•The legislative effectiveness of regulations is determined by the advancement of the legal culture.•The regulations contain orders and obligations for the landowner, the fulfilment of which is controllable and enforceable.•Evolution of the area of cultivated agricultural landscape show the results of the influence of law on social relations.•The weaknesses and strengths of AL protection relate to the social, economic and ecological potential of the landscape.
The land-rating measures land site productivity based on natural factors, including soil characteristics, climate, relief, and special impacts. The basic unit of administering land rating is the ...equal land-rating area. The establishment and upgrading took place over several years in the entire territory of Slovenia. The uniform layer of the equal land-rating area of the whole state is administered by the Surveying and Mapping Authority based on the proposal of the individual or ex officio. The uniform layer of equal land-rating area and database of land-rating values are public and used for land valuation purposes and for land management measures.
A cadastre is a system of major importance for the economy and for management strategies in support of sustainable development. Thus, its modernisation process (especially in the case of buildings) ...is extremely important. This study compared the results from the cadastre modernisation process of Poland and Slovakia, that is, countries with a different way of building development and different historical cadastral traditions. It was certain that in countries with dispersed development—such as Poland—the modernisation process could significantly change the cadastre’s picture. However, the analysis of the number of buildings in the cadastre after modernisation revealed a change of 3.048% for scattered development and only 6% for compact development. Thus, the urgent need to perform retrofits in countries with a scattered pattern of development was demonstrated. In addition, a comparative analysis proved that excessively frequent changes in the law cause the cadastre base to lose its validity. The Polish building cadastre has become a victim of such frequent changes in the law. It happened that just after the cadastre had been modernised at a high financial cost, the data on buildings collected in the cadastre became outdated as a result of a change in the law. Research highlighted that frequent changes and inconsistencies in the law result in a state of affairs in which activities that should be systemic and technical instead become activities that depend on political aspects.
A Comparison of Cadastre in Slovakia and Poland Jurkiewicz, Magdalena; Hudecová, Ľubica; Kyseľ, Peter ...
Slovak journal of civil engineering,
03/2023, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Many analogies can be drawn from the cadastre in Poland and Slovakia, because of the partly shared history of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, World Wars I and II, and the influence of the Communist ...regime. However, its development over the years has taken different forms and rules of operation in both countries. Currently, from a European perspective, there are efforts to standardise cadastral systems to expand their functionality for land administration and to accommodate social needs.
The aim of this article is to discuss and provide a detailed comparative analysis of the general principles of the cadastre in Slovakia and Poland. The study shows similarities but also many differences between the systems in both countries, which indicates that it could be a difficult path to unify the cadastral systems within the European Union. A comparison of the solutions used in other countries allows us to see potential opportunities for the development and modernisation of the existing cadastral systems.
Postoji nekoliko tehnika za održavanje katastarskih operata u Slovačkoj. Jedna je od njih obnova katastarskih operata. Proces obnove prijeko je potreban jer kvaliteta katastarskih planova nije ...zadovoljavajuća. Danas se može primijeniti samo jedna metoda – obnova katastarskog operata novim kartiranjem. Kartiranje trenutno nije popularno širom svijeta, no u Slovačkoj postoje problemi s nenumeričkim planovima kao i s nekim numeričkim planovima koje je također potrebno obraditi. Međutim, u slučaju numeričkih katastarskih planova s lokalnim pomacima taj bi proces bio neučinkovit pa je zbog toga predložen novi način njihove obnove – obnavljanje pomoću ispravaka. Glavno je načelo tog procesa transformacija dijela plana s lokalnim pomacima u ispravan položaj. Glavni je cilj ovog rada predložiti formalni proces obnavljanja pomoću ispravaka. Najprije su predloženi kriteriji za primjenu obnavljanja pomoću ispravaka. U sljedećem su dijelu opisani svi formalni koraci procesa.
KEY WORDS vector cadastral map, local shifts, map homogeneity, renewal, transformation (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1INTRODUCTION The cadastre of real estate in Slovakia is defined as a ...geometrical and positional determination, recording and description ofreal estates (Act no. 162/1995 Coll.). ...1995, cadastral maps were managed only in the analogue paper form. If a new measurement is performed today, the positional deviation between the new control measurement and the original position of a point in the map should not be more than 0.24 m. However, in this cadastral unit, the condition is not fulfilled practically anywhere in the built-up area. Since 2013, when the POINTS layer was established within the meaning of new regulations, approximately 250 vector geodetic designs for updating the map have been created, and vast majority of them (more than 90%) have included the POINTS layer.
The problem in e-learning is the lack of metrics, procedures, methods and other techniques that would allow the specific person to define only the information, concepts and skills that one should be ...able to provide. The conceptual modeling has the advantage of including all information about the real-world entity, including its behavior in the object itself. The work deals with conceptual modeling in e-learning and examines the impact of their potential use on educational content quality. It compares the determinants of educational content quality in the context of software systems quality attributes, ISO 9126, and IEEE standards. It examines conceptual modeling concerning quality metrics. By the method of analogy to attributes defining quality software, it identifies attributes defining quality content of education and possibilities of its evaluation. It designs and implements an algorithm for calculating the quality measure from the context of the metrics concerned. The proposed approach is being confronted with the European Qualifications Framework, the National Qualifications Framework and the National Occupations System. The document examines the extent to which selected software engineering metrics are applicable concerning the conceptual model.
U katastru nekretnina u Slovačkoj postoji niz podataka različitog porijekla kao i različite kvalitete. Jedan od glavnih problema je kvaliteta katastarskih planova. Više od pola tih planova ne ...udovoljava današnjim zahtjevima evidentiranja nekretnina te ih je potrebno obnoviti. Ovaj se rad bavi analizom homogenosti, koja je prvi korak u obnavljanju numeričkoga katastarskog plana u vektorskom obliku. Numerički katastarski plan trebao bi biti najbolji jer je sastavljen od koordinata koje su rezultat numeričkog mjerenja, no na nekima od njih postoje različite lokalne deformacije. Na lokacijama s deformacijama postoje objekti u sloju POINTS gdje su pohranjene koordinate točaka određene GNSS-om. Prvi korak u obnavljanju tih planova je analiza homogenosti. Taj je korak vrlo važan jer je potrebno razumjeti kako se ponašaju lokalne deformacije u cijeloj katastarskoj jedinici te u kojim je dijelovima potrebna obnova. Analiza se sastoji u razmatranju broja objekata u sloju POINTS, izboru lokacija s lokalnim deformacijama, izračunavanju veličine i smjera lokalnih deformacija u odabranim točkama te u međusobnoj usporedbi lokacija. Analiza homogenosti dovodi do specifičnih metoda za obnovu numeričkoga katastarskog plana. To je rješenje za sljedeći korak obnove specifično za svaku katastarsku jedinicu.
Sadržaj katastarske karte u vektorskom obliku ima propisanu strukturu. Služnosti se nalaze u odvojenom sloju karte u vektorskom obliku od 2009. godine. Broj služnosti znatno je porastao posljednjih ...godina te se pokazalo da način prikazivanja služnosti na kartama u vektorskom obliku nije dovoljan. Postoje neki problemi, npr. preklapanje linijskih i površinskih objekata, nedostatak transparentnosti i povezanosti između karte i datoteke s opisnim informacijama. Karte u vektorskom obliku dostupne su građanima preko web portala. Karte u vektorskom obliku izvorno su GIS karte, što znači da će prikaz služnosti korisnicima prenijeti ograničenu količinu informacija, ako se one stave na web bez ikakvih izmjena. Glavni je cilj ovog rada predstavljanje rješenja za prikazivanje služnosti preko web portala. Prema našem rješenju služnost se prikazuje različito na kartama u vektorskom obliku i na web portalu. Grafičko sučelje web portala osigurava veću raznovrsnost sredstava i metoda kartografskog izražaja. Kako bi se prikazivanje služnosti preko web portala približilo nestručnoj javnosti koriste se interaktivna sredstva, npr. linijski znakovi u boji, površinski znakovi u boji (također s mogućnošću da se objekti uključe ili isključe), tehnika korištenja miša za dodavanje tekstualnih informacija i hiperlinkova. Naš prijedlog zahtijeva neke izmjene u strukturi katastarske karte u vektorskom obliku, a posebno treba dodati nove atribute za objekte u sloju služnosti. Te izmjene su u osnovi zanemarive u usporedbi s ishodom prikazivanja služnosti preko web portala.
Capitalizing on EAFE Tyson, Steve; Kysel, Peter; Hill, Stephen
Benefits Canada,
10/2005, Letnik:
29, Številka:
10
Trade Publication Article
In the investment world, EAFE stands for Europe, Australia and the Far East. Investing in EAFE exposes investors to a host of new currencies, predominantly the euro and the yen. To some extent, ...though, exposure to both major currencies diversifies away currency risk, especially in portfolios that include US equity and US dollar exposures. Correlations among these three currencies are low and history suggests that exposure to all three can minimize the foreign currency impact on the returns of Canadian-based investors over several years. For active managers, EAFE represents new sources of alpha for their portfolios. Over the next few years, EAFE will also witness fundamental improvements in market and economic conditions. Japan and Europe continue to emerge from years of sluggish growth as corporations embrace shareholder value and governments privatize and dismantle onerous regulatory regimes.
