Anthocyanins are a class of water‐soluble flavonoids, which show a range of pharmacological effects, such as prevention of cardiovascular disease, obesity control and antitumour activity. Their ...potential antitumour effects are reported to be based on a wide variety of biological activities including antioxidant; anti‐inflammation; anti‐mutagenesis; induction of differentiation; inhibiting proliferation by modulating signal transduction pathways, inducing cell cycle arrest and stimulating apoptosis or autophagy of cancer cells; anti‐invasion; anti‐metastasis; reversing drug resistance of cancer cells and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy. In this review, the latest progress on the anticancer activities of anthocyanins and the underlying molecular mechanisms is summarized using data from basic research in vitro and in vivo, from clinical trials and taking into account theory and practice.
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This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
The objective of detection in remote sensing images is to determine the location and category of all targets in these images. The anchor based methods are the most prevalent deep learning based ...methods, and still have some problems that need to be addressed. First, the existing metric (i.e., intersection over union (IoU)) could not measure the distance between two bounding boxes when they are nonoverlapping. Second, the exsiting bounding box regression loss could not directly optimize the metric in the training process. Third, the existing methods which adopt a hierarchical deep network only choose a single level feature layer for the feature extraction of region proposals, meaning they do not take full use of the advantage of multi-level features. To resolve the above problems, a novel object detection method for remote sensing images based on improved bounding box regression and multi-level features fusion is proposed in this paper. First, a new metric named generalized IoU is applied, which can quantify the distance between two bounding boxes, regardless of whether they are overlapping or not. Second, a novel bounding box regression loss is proposed, which can not only optimize the new metric (i.e., generalized IoU) directly but also overcome the problem that existing bounding box regression loss based on the new metric cannot adaptively change the gradient based on the metric value. Finally, a multi-level features fusion module is proposed and incorporated into the existing hierarchical deep network, which can make full use of the multi-level features for each region proposal. The quantitative comparisons between the proposed method and baseline method on the large scale dataset DIOR demonstrate that incorporating the proposed bounding box regression loss, multi-level features fusion module, and a combination of both into the baseline method can obtain an absolute gain of 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.2% or so in terms of mAP, respectively. Comparing this with the state-of-the-art methods demonstrates that the proposed method has achieved a state-of-the-art performance. The curves of average precision with different thresholds show that the advantage of the proposed method is more evident when the threshold of generalized IoU (or IoU) is relatively high, which means that the proposed method can improve the precision of object localization. Similar conclusions can be obtained on a NWPU VHR-10 dataset.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been indicated as potentially critical mediators in various types of tumor progression, generally acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges to regulate downstream gene ...expression. However, the aberrant expression profile and dysfunction of circRNAs in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) need to be further investigated. This study mined key prognostic circRNAs and elucidates the potential role and molecular mechanism of circRNAs in regulating the proliferation and metastasis of ccRCC.
circCHST15 (hsa_circ_0020303) was identified by mining two circRNA microarrays from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and comparing matched tumor versus adjacent normal epithelial tissue pairs or matched primary versus metastatic tumor tissue pairs. These results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. We demonstrated the biological effect of circCHST15 in ccRCC both in vitro and in vivo. To test the interaction between circCHST15 and miRNAs, we conducted a number of experiments, including RNA pull down assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
The expression of circCHST15 was higher in ccRCC tissues compared to healthy adjacent kidney tissue and higher in RCC cell lines compared to normal kidney cell lines. The level of circCHST15 was positively correlated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics, and circCHST15 served as an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with ccRCC after surgical resection. Our in vivo and in vitro data indicate that circCHST15 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells. Mechanistically, we found that circCHST15 directly interacts with miR-125a-5p and acts as a microRNA sponge to regulate EIF4EBP1 expression.
We found that sponging of miR-125a-5p to promote EIF4EBP1 expression is the underlying mechanism of hsa_circ_0020303-induced ccRCC progression. This prompts further investigation of circCHST15 as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ccRCC.
Externally amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) injection-locking characteristics and optical data transmission performances of a TO-56 can-packaged Fabry-Perot laser diode (FPLD) with 1% front-facet ...reflectivity are investigated using a wavelength-division-multiplexing passive-optical network (WDM-PON) system configured by an array-waveguide grating (AWG) based MUX/DMUX filters with channel spacing of 200 GHz. Quasi-single-mode output of such a nearly color-free weak-resonant-cavity FPLD with highest side-mode suppressing ratio of 31 dB is achieved with ASE injection-locking, providing a bit-error-rate (BER) of < 10 -13 at receiving power of -31 dBm and a power penalty of 0.5 dB after 20-km transmission in single-mode fiber with a bit rate up to 1.25 Gbit/s.
Condensation of 3,3′‐diamino‐2,2′‐ethylene‐bridged azobenzene with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis‐(4‐formylphenyl) benzene produces a visible light responsive porous 2D covalent organic framework, COF‐bAzo‐TFPB, ...with a large surface area, good crystallinity, and thermal and chemical stability. The results demonstrate that the elaborated designed linker can make azo unit on the COF‐bAzo‐TFPB skeleton undergo reversible photoisomerization. This work expands the application scope of covalent organic frameworks in photo‐controlled release, uptake of guest molecules, dynamic photoswitching, and UV‐sensitive functions.
A visible light responsive porous 2D covalent organic framework, COF‐bAzo‐TFPB, is fabricated by condensation of 3,3′‐diamino‐2,2′‐ethylene‐bridged azobenzene with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis‐(4‐formylphenyl) benzene. COF‐bAzo‐TFPB shows large surface area, good crystallinity, and thermal and chemical stability. Most importantly, the elaborated designed linker can make azo unit on the COFs skeleton undergo reversible photoisomerization.
The overall response of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remains unsatisfactory due to the complex pathological subtypes, genomic difference, and drug resistance. ...The genes that associated with cisplatin resistance remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to identify the cisplatin resistance associated genes in BUC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The cytotoxicity of cisplatin was evaluated in six bladder cancer cell lines to compare their responses to cisplatin. The T24 cancer cells exhibited the lowest sensitivity to cisplatin and was therefore selected to explore the mechanisms of drug resistance. We performed genome-wide CRISPR screening in T24 cancer cells in vitro, and identified that the gene heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) was the top candidate gene related to cisplatin resistance. Epigenetic and transcriptional profiles of HNRNPU-depleted cells after cisplatin treatment were analyzed to investigate the relationship between HNRNPU and cisplatin resistance. In vivo experiments were also performed to demonstrate the function of HNRNPU depletion in cisplatin sensitivity.
Significant correlation was found between HNRNPU expression level and sensitivity to cisplatin in bladder cancer cell lines. In the high HNRNPU expressing T24 cancer cells, knockout of HNRNPU inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In addition, loss of HNRNPU promoted apoptosis and S-phase arrest in the T24 cells treated with cisplatin. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated that HNRNPU expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. High HNRNPU level was negatively correlated with patient survival. Transcriptomic profiling analysis showed that knockout of HNRNPU enhanced cisplatin sensitivity by regulating DNA damage repair genes. Furthermore, it was found that HNRNPU regulates chemosensitivity by affecting the expression of neurofibromin 1 (NF1).
Our study demonstrated that HNRNPU expression is associated with cisplatin sensitivity in bladder urothelial carcinoma cells. Inhibition of HNRNPU could be a potential therapy for cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer.
Automatic landform recognition is considered to be one of the most important tools for landform classification and deepening our understanding of terrain morphology. This paper presents a multi-modal ...geomorphological data fusion framework which uses deep learning-based methods to improve the performance of landform recognition. It leverages a multi-channel geomorphological feature extraction network to generate different characteristics from multi-modal geomorphological data, such as shaded relief, DEM, and slope and then it harvests joint features via a multi-modal geomorphological feature fusion network in order to effectively represent landforms. A residual learning unit is used to mine deep correlations from visual and physical modality features to achieve the final landform representations. Finally, it employs three fully-connected layers and a softmax classifier to generate labels for each sample data. Experimental results indicate that this multi-modal data fusion-based algorithm obtains much better performance than conventional algorithms. The highest recognition rate was 90.28%, showing a great potential for landform recognition.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most frequently observed malignant tumours in the urinary system and targeted drug resistance is quite common in RCC. Long noncoding RNA SNHG12 (lncRNA ...SNHG12) has emerged as a key molecule in numerous human cancers, but its functions in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) sunitinib resistance remain unclear. In this study, we found SNHG12 was highly expressed in RCC tissues and in sunitinib-resistant RCC cells and was associated with a poor clinical prognosis. SNHG12 promoted RCC proliferation, migration, invasion and sunitinib resistance via CDCA3 in vitro. Mechanically, SNHG12 bound to SP1 and prevented the ubiquitylation-dependent proteolysis of SP1. Stabilised SP1 bound to a specific region in the promoter of CDCA3 and increased CDCA3 expression. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that SNHG12 increased tumour growth and that knocking down SNHG12 could reverse RCC sunitinib resistance. Our study revealed that the lncRNA SNHG12/SP1/CDCA3 axis promoted RCC progression and sunitinib resistance, which could provide a new therapeutic target for sunitinib-resistant RCC.
The accuracy of sixteen commonly used internal reference genes was assessed in skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells of Qinchuan cattle at different stages of proliferation and induction of ...differentiation to determine the most suitable ones. Quantitative real-time PCR and three commonly used algorithmic programs, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, were used to evaluate the stability of expression of the candidate internal reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, PPIA, LRP10, HPRT1, YWHAZ, B2M, TBP, EIF3K , RPS9, UXT, 18S rRNA, RPLP0, MARVELD, EMD and RPS15A) in skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of growth and after differentiation for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. The expression of two satellite cell marker genes, CCNA2 and MYF5, was used for validation analysis. The results of the software analyses showed that GAPDH and RPS15A were the most stable reference gene combinations during in vitro proliferation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells, RPS15A and RPS9 were the most stable reference gene combinations during in vitro induction of differentiation of the cells, and PPIA was the least stable reference gene during proliferation and differentiation and was not recommended. This study lays the foundation for the selection of reference genes for qRT-PCR during the proliferation and induction of differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells.
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