The goal of this study was to translate, adapt and validate the items of the Gap-Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form for use in the Brazilian cultural setting.
The Gap-Kalamazoo ...Communication Skills Assessment Form was translated into Portuguese by two independent bilingual Brazilian translators and was reconciled by a third bilingual healthcare professional. The translated text was then assessed for content using a modified Delphi technique and adjusted as needed to assure content validity. A total of nine phrases in the completed tool were adjusted. The final tool was then used to assess videotaped simulations as a means of validation. Response process was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and internal structure was assessed via Cronbach's Alpha (internal consistency) and Intraclass Correlation (test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability).
One hundred and four (104) videotaped communication skills simulations were assessed by 38 subjects (6 staff physicians, 4 faculty physicians, 8 resident physicians, 4 professional actors with experience in simulation, and 16 other allied healthcare professionals). Measures of Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.818) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.942) were high. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the uni-dimensionality of the instrument.
Our results support the validity and reliability of the Brazilian Gap-Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form when used among Brazilian medical residents. The Brazilian version of Gap-Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form was found to be adequate both in the linguistic and technical aspects. The use of this instrument in Brazilian medical education can enhance the assessment of physician-patient-team relationships on an ongoing basis.
...if we take the masterpieces of Perrault, Tales of Mother Goose (1697), and the Brothers Grimm, Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812), as landmarks of the beginning of European children's literature, there is ...a delay of close to a century and a half before the appearance of the first Brazilian books for children. ...the first Brazilian children's books were not Brazilian: they were either of Portuguese origin, or translations and adaptations from European novels and tales. Even with the progress and achievements that the twentieth century gradually brought to these groups in different spheres of society, it is only in the twenty-first century that, driven by government policies geared at school purchases of literary works aimed at these populations and with representation of their culture and specific problems, the editorial market opened up space for the appearance of a flourishing literature in this field. ...in the first decades of the twentieth century, in a period that is much closer to the beginning of our production of books for children, censorship reached, for example, the work of Monteiro Lobato (1882–1948), considered by many the greatest author of Brazilian children's literature to this day.
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