Since the 1980s, transitional justice mechanisms have been increasingly applied to account for mass atrocities and grave human rights violations throughout the world. Over time, post-conflict justice ...practices have expanded across continents and state borders and have fueled the creation of new ideas that go beyond traditional notions of amnesty, retribution, and reconciliation. Gathering work from contributors in international law, political science, sociology, and history,New Critical Spaces in Transitional Justiceaddresses issues of space and time in transitional justice studies. It explains new trends in responses to post-conflict and post-authoritarian nations and offers original empirical research to help define the field for the future.
1. Transitional justice is a field that is still being defined and has broad interdisciplinary implications. As such, this collection aims to serve as a fundamental text in the field.
2. This book breaks new ground on timely, diverse topics, including case studies drawn from the Arab Spring, and exploration of justice options in Syria, and chapters on gender and transitional justice.
3. Kurze is a well-regarded early career academic whose, in addition to several teaching roles, coordinates an online journal on human rights, justice, and democracy. Lamont is an early career academic whose background includes serving as a postdoctoral fellow at the Transitional Justice Institute at the University of Ulster and as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Zagreb in Croatia.
Macrophages play essential roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Bacteria require endotoxin, a complex lipopolysaccharide, for outer membrane permeability and the host interprets ...endotoxin as a signal to initiate an innate immune response. The focus of this study is kinetic and global transcriptional analysis of the chicken macrophage response to in vitro stimulation with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium-798.
The 38535-probeset Affymetrix GeneChip Chicken Genome array was used to profile transcriptional response to endotoxin 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours post stimulation (hps). Using a maximum FDR (False Discovery Rate) of 0.05 to declare genes as differentially expressed (DE), we found 13, 33, 1761 and 61 DE genes between endotoxin-stimulated versus non-stimulated cells at 1, 2, 4 and 8 hps, respectively. QPCR demonstrated that endotoxin exposure significantly affected the mRNA expression of IL1B, IL6, IL8, and TLR15, but not IL10 and IFNG in HD 11 cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that 10% of the total DE genes were involved in inflammatory response. Three, 9.7, 96.8, and 11.8% of the total DE inflammatory response genes were significantly differentially expressed with endotoxin stimulation at 1, 2, 4 and 8 hps, respectively. The NFKBIA, IL1B, IL8 and CCL4 genes were consistently induced at all times after endotoxin treatment. NLRC5 (CARD domain containing, NOD-like receptor family, RCJMB04_18i2), an intracellular receptor, was induced in HD11 cells treated with endotoxin.
As above using an in vitro model of chicken response to endotoxin, our data revealed the kinetics of gene networks involved in host response to endotoxin and extend the known complexity of networks in chicken immune response to Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella. The induction of NFKBIA, IL1B, IL8, CCL4 genes is a consistent signature of host response to endotoxin over time. We make the first report of induction of a NOD-like receptor family member in response to Salmonella endotoxin in chicken macrophages.
This contribution reflects upon the nexus between transitional justice and peacebuilding through a study of how transitional justice practices in post-Qadhafi Libya interacted with broader efforts to ...establish governance institutions in the aftermath of Libya's 2011 armed conflict. It argues that dominant practices of transitional justice, promoted by external actors, prescribed narrow state-centric justice interventions that were ill-suited for a polity in which the state was highly contested. In fact, transitional justice proved divisive in Libya because attempts to project state-centric liberal justice practices were limited by their targeting of weak institutions that lacked local legitimacy and their inability to reconcile alternative normative frameworks that challenge the modern state. In addition, the weakness of Libya's state institutions allowed thuwwar, or revolutionary armed groups, to dictate an exclusionary form of justice known as political isolation. Drawn from fieldwork conducted in Libya, this contribution provides lessons for both peacebuilding and transitional justice practice that call for a rethinking of teleological notions of transition and greater engagement with notions and concepts that fall outside dominant practices.
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease that affects ~ 50% of the adults in the USA alone. Two Gram-positive anaerobic oral bacteria,
and
, have emerged as important periodontal ...pathogens. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response in the gingival tissue, and the contribution of neutrophil-derived cytokines and chemokines plays a central role in disease progression. The pattern of cytokines and chemokines released by human neutrophils upon stimulation with newly appreciated periodontal bacteria compared to the keystone oral pathogen
was investigated. Our results showed that both
and
triggered TLR2/6 activation. F. alocis induced significant changes in gene expression of cytokines and chemokines in human neutrophils compared to unstimulated cells. However, except for IL-1ra, neutrophils released lower levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to F. alocis compared to P. stomatis. Furthermore, bacteria-free conditioned supernatant collected from neutrophils challenged with P. stomatis, but not from P. gingivalis or F. alocis, was chemotactic towards both neutrophils and monocytes. Elucidating stimuli-specific modulation of human neutrophil effector functions in the context of dysbiotic microbial community constituents provides valuable information for understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Neutrophils operate at the site of injury or inflammation in the periodontal pocket to ensure periodontal health and clearance of bacterial pathogens. Filifactor alocis is recently identified as a ...potential periodontal pathogen, and in this study, we assessed the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), in response to the presence of the organism. NET formation by human neutrophils was not induced when challenged with F. alocis, independent of opsonization, viability, time, or bacterial dose. F. alocis also failed to induce NETs from TNF-α-primed neutrophils and did not induce the release of extracellular neutrophil elastase. However, significant NET induction was observed when neutrophils were challenged with Streptococcus gordonii or Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, In addition, co-infection studies revealed that the presence of F. alocis with S. gordonii or P. stomatis does not enhance or reduce NETs. Additionally, F. alocis failed to impact pre-formed NETs induced by either S. gordonii or P. stomatis. Pretreatment with F. alocis prior to stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), S. gordonii, or P. stomatis revealed that the bacterium is capable of reducing only PMA but not S. gordonii or P. stomatis NET formation. These results indicate that F. alocis manipulates neutrophils, inhibiting the triggering of NET induction.
Filifactor alocis is a newly appreciated pathogen in periodontal diseases. Neutrophils are the predominant innate immune cell in the gingival crevice. In this study, we examined modulation of human ...neutrophil antimicrobial functions by F. alocis. Both non‐opsonised and serum‐opsonised F. alocis were engulfed by neutrophils but were not efficiently eliminated. Challenge of neutrophils with either non‐opsonised or serum‐opsonised F. alocis induced a minimal intracellular as well as extracellular respiratory burst response compared to opsonised Staphylococcus aureus and fMLF, respectively. However, pretreatment or simultaneous challenge of neutrophils with F. alocis did not affect the subsequent oxidative response to a particulate stimulus, suggesting that the inability to trigger the respiratory response was only localised to F. alocis phagosomes. In addition, although neutrophils engulfed live or heat‐killed F. alocis with the same efficiency, heat‐killed F. alocis elicited a higher intracellular respiratory burst response compared to viable organisms, along with decreased surface expression of CD35, a marker of secretory vesicles. F. alocis phagosomes remained immature by delayed and reduced recruitment of specific and azurophil granules, respectively. These results suggest that F. alocis withstands neutrophil antimicrobial responses by preventing intracellular ROS production, along with specific and azurophil granule recruitment to the bacterial phagosome.
This article reflects upon the ways in which transitional justice debates and processes impacted Tunisia's transition. It explores key questions such as what demands for justice emerged in the ...aftermath of the Tunisian revolution? Did Tunisia's transitional justice process reflect these demands? And, did international norms of transitional justice, which emerged from a field of practice that draws heavily upon European, Latin America and Sub‐Saharan experiences, but has largely excluded the Arab Middle East, serve to mediate between competing demands for justice in the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution? It will be argued that transitional justice demands in Tunisia reflected a breakdown in the state–society socioeconomic bargain, which had maintained autocratic regimes since independence in 1956; however, due to the elite‐centred nature of transitional justice discourses, many transitional justice demands never resonated into mainstream transitional justice discourse. We will argue that international transitional justice entrepreneurs' attempt to import a normative framework that was ill suited to grapple with the complex legacies of socioeconomic marginalization, resulted in a growing disillusionment and disengagement from the state driven transitional justice process on the part of Tunisian society.
How Tunisia's new government under Essebsi and Essid addresses outstanding socio‐economic grievances and a broader legacy of structural violence inherited from Bourguiba and Ben Ali, will serve as a test as to whether or not transitional justice in Tunisia will move beyond an elite discourse and give voice to the marginalized.
The Ministerialization of Transitional Justice Lamont, Christopher K.; Quinn, Joanna R.; Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric
Human rights review (Piscataway, N.J.),
03/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1
Journal Article
In recent years, countries have begun to establish ministries of transitional justice (TJ) as part of political transitions from authoritarianism to democracy or from conflict to peace. This may ...reflect a broader historical trend in the administration of TJ, which has evolved from isolated offices within a particular ministry to ad hoc cross-ministry coordinating bodies to the establishment of dedicated ministries. The reasons for the establishment of specific ministries to pursue TJ, what we call ministerialization, have not attracted scholarly attention. This article explores the causes and likely consequences of this development. In particular, it applies international relations, comparative politics, and public policy theories to explain the phenomenon. Contrary to some TJ literature that is concerned about hegemonic transnational (largely Western) discourse, international actors have played little to no role in shaping how TJ is bureaucratically managed. Rather, based upon fieldwork in Solomon Islands and Tunisia, the article concludes that ministerialization has been the result of domestic policy entrepreneurship. For TJ ministries to become a norm, however, more transnational actors will need to be convinced of the benefits of such an institutional arrangement.
This study was carried out to assess the response of three Ghanaian local chicken ecotypes to LaSota (lentogenic) and virulent field strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Local chickens sampled ...from the Interior Savannah (IS), Forest (FO) and Coastal Savannah (CS) agro-ecological zones were bred and their offspring were challenged with LaSota NDV at 4 weeks of age. The LaSota challenge was replicated four times with different chicken groups. A total of 1438 chicks comprising 509 Coastal Savannah, 518 Forest and 411 Interior Savannah ecotypes were used. Pre- and post-challenge anti-NDV antibody titre levels were determined via ELISA assays. A second trial was conducted by introducing sick birds infected with virulent NDV to a flock of immunologically naïve chickens at 4 weeks old. Body weights were measured pre- and post-infection. Sex of the chickens was determined using a molecular method. In both trials, there was no significant difference among ecotypes in body weight and growth rate. In the LaSota trial, anti-NDV antibody titre did not differ by ecotype or sex. However, there was a positive linear relationship between body weight and antibody titre. In the velogenic NDV trial, survivability and lesion scores were similar among the three ecotypes. This study confirms that a relatively high dose of LaSota (NDV) challenge has no undesirable effect on Ghanaian local chicken ecotypes. All three Ghanaian local chicken ecotypes were susceptible to velogenic NDV challenge. Resistance to NDV by Ghanaian local chickens appears to be determined more by the individual’s genetic makeup than by their ecotype.
A review essay on books by: (1)Ellen L. Lutz and Caitlin Reiger, (Eds.), Prosecuting Heads of State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); and (2)Jelena Subotic, Hijacked Justice: Dealing ...with the Past in the Balkans (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009).
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