In this study, sol–gel-processed amorphous-phase ZrO2 was used as an active channel material to improve the resistive switching properties of resistive random access memories (RRAMs). ITO/ZrO2/Ag ...RRAM devices exhibit the properties of bipolar RRAMs. The effect of the post-annealing temperature on the electrical properties of the ZrO2 RRAM was investigated. Unlike the ZrO2 films annealed at 400 and 500 °C, those annealed at 300 °C were in amorphous phase. The RRAM based on the amorphous-phase ZrO2 exhibited an improved high-resistance state (HRS) to low-resistance state ratio (over 106) as well as promising retention and endurance characteristics without deterioration. Furthermore, its disordered nature, which causes efficient carrier scattering, resulted in low carrier mobility and the lowest leakage current, influencing the HRS values.
Bismuth-based organic frameworks (BiOFs) can display interesting phosphorescent properties, but the relationship between structure and optical activity remains underexplored. The structure-dependent ...phosphorescence properties in the BiOFs are investigated using different multidentate ligands. In-depth analysis of the luminescence properties confirms that the densely packed framework shows long-lasting phosphorescence at room temperature, owing to an efficient electron-hole separation. The combination of spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal structural analysis provides important insights into the emission control through BiOFs structural change, which can be a useful strategy for modulating the optical properties of various metal organic frameworks. Furthermore, taking the advantage of long-lasting phosphorescence, the potential usage as an eco-friendly photocatalyst is demonstrated.
Generally, tsunamis are generated by the rapid crustal movements of the ocean floor. Other factors of tsunami generation include landslides on coastal and ocean floor slopes, glacier collapses, and ...meteorite collisions. In this study, two numerical analyses were conducted to examine the formation, propagation, and deformation properties of landslide tsunamis. First, LS-DYNA was adopted to simulate the formation and propagation processes of tsunamis generated by dropping rigid bodies. The generated tsunamis had smaller wave heights and wider waveforms during their propagation, and their waveforms and flow velocities resembled those of theoretical solitary waves after a certain distance. Second, after the formation of the landslide tsunami, a tsunami based on the solitary wave approximation theory was generated in a numerical wave tank (NWT) with a computational domain that considered the stability/steady phase. The comparison of two numerical analysis results over a certain distance indicated that the waveform and flow velocity were approximately equal, and the maximum wave pressures acting on the upright wall also exhibited similar distributions. Therefore, an effective numerical model such as LS-DYNA was necessary to analyze the formation and initial deformations of the landslide tsunami, while an NWT with the wave generation method based on the solitary wave approximation theory was sufficient above a certain distance.
Abstract Statement of problem Few studies have investigated the colorimetric distribution of gingival color, including the posterior area and alveolar mucosa. Purpose The purpose of this in vivo ...study was to investigate the distribution of colorimetric values in different areas of gingiva and to determine its relationship to colorimetric findings of the tooth and skin in a young Korean population. Material and methods Participants included 40 periodontally healthy adults (22 men and 18 women) 25 to 36 years of age. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage values (CIELab: L * lightness, a * green-red, and b * blue-yellow) were measured using a colorimeter at a total of 23 sites for each participant, including attached gingiva (AG) and alveolar mucosa (AM) in the maxillary and mandibular and incisor and molar regions, maxillary central incisor, and skin points of the glabella, cheek, and inner upper arm. Results AG showed higher L * and lower a * values than AM. AG demonstrated higher L * and lower a * values in the maxillary region than in the mandibular region and higher b * values in the incisor region than in the molar region. AM revealed higher L * and lower a * and b * values in the incisor region than in the molar region. Positive significant correlations were found for L * between the skin area and AM and for b * between the skin area and AG. Conclusions The colorimetric values of AG and AM differ according to the area, possibly as a result of differences in anatomic and histologic distribution that influence optical properties.
Manuscript Type
Empirical
Research Question/Issue
This paper examines prosecutorial and judicial decisions to incarcerate the suspect upon indictment or conviction of embezzlement or breach of ...fiduciary duty in Korean firms. Our aim is to evaluate whether the judicial system is biased in favor of large business groups or chaebols in criminal cases.
Research Findings/Insights
Using a sample of 84 indictments and 78 convictions for embezzlement or breach of duty against managers of publicly traded firms in Korea between 2004 and 2008, we find that the probability of incarceration is much smaller if the indicted are associated with large business groups or large firms. In non‐large business group firms, initial disclosure of such accusation results in an average loss of a quarter of market value, and three quarters of convicted individuals are eventually removed from managerial positions. However, we observe neither such a loss nor turnover in large business group member firms.
Theoretical/Academic Implications
We identify a new determinant of judicial bias, namely the status of the company, in addition to individual‐level social status or class that has been examined in the previous literature. Such bias may reflect potential future career concerns of the prosecutors and judges who later become lawyers. The results also suggest that an additional motivation behind empire building or size‐maximizing behavior of top management is to effectively implement a legal strategy, a form of non‐market strategy.
Practitioner/Policy Implications
Corporate managers may apply our findings to manage legal risks and to formulate nonmarket strategies. However, biases in individual sentences may create system risk and economy‐wide inefficiencies. In order to reform the legal system, policymakers should take into account the externalities in individual sentencing decisions.
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•We developed an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet device based on electric field dispersion.•The nitrogen, air, and argon plasma were ejected from the plasma jet nozzles.•The ...temperature of the plasma jet was kept near the room temperature during the treatment time.•By measurement of the UV intensity verified the stability of the device.•For application to the biomedical field was confirmed that the generation of NO and ozone in plasma.
A nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasma jet device based on electric-field dispersion was proposed, fabricated and tested. The device has nickel electrodes with micro-size holes fabricated via micromachining process. It was confirmed from the optical emission spectrum (OES) of the plasma jet that the generated reactive species depend on the gas and the intensities of the species depend on the hole size. Also, we measured the concentration of NO in plasma jet as well as the concentration of ozone dissolved in typical cell culture media for biomedical applications. For the characterization, the electron density and electron temperature of the plasma were calculated from the voltage and the current measured during the plasma discharge. Above all, we observed that the electrodes of the proposed device stands long and generate plasma stably compared to the previous devices without electric-field dispersion.
The approximate greatest common divisor problem (ACD) and its variants have been used to construct many cryptographic primitives. In particular, the variants of the ACD problem based on Chinese ...remainder theorem (CRT) are being used in the constructions of a batch fully homomorphic encryption to encrypt multiple messages in one ciphertext. Despite the utility of the CRT-variant scheme, the algorithms that secures its security foundation have not been probed well enough.
In this paper, we propose two algorithms and the results of experiments in which the proposed algorithms were used to solve the variant problem. Both algorithms take the same time complexity
up to a polynomial factor to solve the variant problem for the bit size of samples
, secret primes
, and error bound
. Our algorithm gives the first parameter condition related to
and
size. From the results of the experiments, it has been proved that the proposed algorithms work well both in theoretical and experimental terms.
Indistinguishability Obfuscation (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">iO </tex-math></inline-formula>) is a hopeful tool which obfuscates a program with the least-possible leakage, and ...produces various applications including functional encryption and deniable encryption. Recently, Halevi et. al. proposed a state-of-the-art obfuscator implementation, called HHSS obfuscation, in ACM-CCS'17. In this paper, we describe a polynomial time distinguishing attack on HHSS obfuscation. In other words, we show that there exist two functionally equivalent branching programs but obfuscated programs are actually distinguishable. This attack implies that HHSS obfuscation fails to achieve a general purpose of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">iO </tex-math></inline-formula> security. The idea of the attack is quite simple; we multiply a left kernel vector of the branching program <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{\mathcal P} </tex-math></inline-formula> to an evaluation of obfuscated matrix, which yields a small value when the program <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{\mathcal P} </tex-math></inline-formula> is obfuscated. Our attack algorithm is also applicable even if evasive functions are obfuscated.
As the size of ships increases, the size and output power of their thrusters also increase. When a large ship berths or unberths, the jet flow produced from its thruster has an adverse effect on the ...stability of quay walls. In this study, we conducted a numerical analysis to examine the impact of the thruster jet flow of a 30,000 TEU container ship, which is expected to be built in the near future, on the stability of a quay wall. In the numerical simulation, we used the fluid–structure interaction analysis technique of LS-DYNA, which is calculated by the overlapping capability using an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation and Euler–Lagrange coupling algorithm with an explicit finite element method. As the ship approached the quay wall and the vertical position of the thruster approached the mound of the quay wall, the jet flow directly affected the foot-protection blocks and armor stones. The movement and separation of the foot-protection blocks and armor stones were confirmed in the area affected directly by the thruster jet flow of the container ship. Therefore, the thruster jet flows of ultra-large ships must be considered when planning and designing ports. In addition, the stability of existing port structures must be evaluated.
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