Aim
To inform countermeasures against nurses' workplace violence by reviewing the experience of violence.
Background
Violence is an important issue in medical settings that influences turnover ...intention of nurses. However, few studies have dealt with the effects of violence experienced by nurses on professional quality of life and turnover intention.
Method
A descriptive study using a structured questionnaire and data were analysed using t‐test, one‐way anova and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
Results
Of 358 nurses 95.5% reported that they had experienced workplace violence during the previous 1 year. Findings indicated that turnover intention was positively associated with years worked as a nurse, functional nursing delivery system, exposure types of violence with physical threats, and mild or severe burnout.
Conclusions
Nurses experienced diverse workplace violence, which could decrease their professional quality of life and be a factor affecting their turnover intention.
Implications for nursing management
Role of leadership in creating a positive work environment is needed. Prevention of workplace violence should focus on at‐risk groups to reduce workplace violence. Workplace violence should be communicated regularly and feedback should be given if there is unintentional non‐physical violence. In particular it is important to investigate post‐violence management in nurses who have experienced violence to reduce secondary trauma.
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the demand- and supply-side factors associated with audit partner selection and assignment in the United States. First, we examine whether audit partner gender and ...experience are associated with board and management gender and experience. Second, we investigate whether engagement audit quality varies with audit partner gender and experience, controlling for selection effects. The results indicate that companies with more gender-diverse boards of directors and top management teams are more likely to have a female lead audit partner. In addition, the experience of the client's board is positively associated with the experience of the lead audit partner. In terms of audit quality, we find that higher audit fees are positively associated with female and more experienced audit partners. Our results shed light on the important role that partner characteristics play in the demand and supply sides of audit quality.
The current paradigm in the treatment of patients with non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a diagnostic lobectomy rather than complete ...thyroidectomy and postoperative radioiodine treatment. Consequently, preoperative diagnosis of NIFTP is considered to be important.
We performed the comprehensive analysis for diagnosis of preoperative 20 NIFTPs in comparison with 41 invasive encapsulated follicular papillary thyroid carcinomas (I-EFVPTCs) using the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS), Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC), and molecular analysis for BRAF and RAS mutations.
K-TIRADS 3 was identified as the most common sonographic diagnosis in both NIFTP and I-EFVPTC. Unlike I-EFVPTC, K-TIRADS 5 was not identified in NIFTP. AUS/FLUS was the most common cytopathological diagnosis and none of the cases were classified as malignant category in both groups, although the difference in distribution was not significant between the groups. BRAF mutation was not found in NIFTP but was present in 9.8% of cases in I-EFVPTC. The frequency of RAS mutation in I-EFVPTCs was twice as high as that of NIFTP. Wild-type BRAF and RAS in NIFTP was significantly higher than I-EFVPTC.
The existence of overlapping features between the groups was evident, hence conclusive distinction between radiology, cytology and molecular analysis could not be achieved. Apparently, the diagnosis of NIFTP based on comprehensive analysis was not confirmable but could perceive or at least favor the diagnosis of NIFTP.
Abstract
We examine the likelihood and value relevance of related party transactions in family firms. Based on an extensive hand‐collected sample, we find that founder‐led family firms are more ...likely to enter into related party transactions than other firms. We also find that the founder‐led family firm valuation premium is reduced when these firms disclose related party transactions, especially opportunistic related party transactions. We also examine the significant change in related party transaction reporting regulations enacted in 2006 and find that it led to a decline in the number of value‐decreasing related party transactions for founder‐led family firms. We find a corresponding decrease in the detrimental effect of related party transactions on founder‐led family firms’ valuation. Our results suggest that changes in the 2006 SEC related party transaction reporting regulations better protected minority shareholders from wealth extraction via related party transactions in founder‐led family firms.
Microglia, the CNS-resident immune cells, play important roles in disease, but the spectrum of their possible activation states is not well understood. We derived co-regulated gene modules from ...transcriptional profiles of CNS myeloid cells of diverse mouse models, including new tauopathy model datasets. Using these modules to interpret single-cell data from an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model, we identified microglial subsets—distinct from previously reported “disease-associated microglia”—expressing interferon-related or proliferation modules. We then analyzed whole-tissue RNA profiles from human neurodegenerative diseases, including a new AD dataset. Correcting for altered cellular composition of AD tissue, we observed elevated expression of the neurodegeneration-related modules, but also modules not implicated using expression profiles from mouse models alone. We provide a searchable, interactive database for exploring gene expression in all these datasets (http://research-pub.gene.com/BrainMyeloidLandscape). Understanding the dimensions of CNS myeloid cell activation in human disease may reveal opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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•Meta-analysis of purified mouse CNS myeloid cell profiles from 69 different conditions•7 co-regulated gene sets include one enriched in neurodegenerative disease models•Distinct classes of activated microglia identified in Alzheimer’s mouse model•Resources for further exploration: comprehensive Excel tables and interactive website
Ready to move beyond M1 and M2? In this meta-analysis of CNS myeloid cell expression profiles, Friedman et al. identify gene modules associated with diverse microglial activation states. These modules identify distinct subsets of microglia in an Alzheimer’s model and reveal aspects of the human disease not apparent in mouse models.
Purpose
This study aimed to identify the factors associated with mindful eating of clinical nurses.
Design and methods
We recruited 205 nurses and administered a structured questionnaire. All factors ...correlating significantly with mindful eating were analysed using multiple regression analysis.
Findings
The results showed that the mindful eating score was positively associated with mental well‐being. Conversely, mindful eating score was significantly lower among obese participants and a higher level of occupational stress.
Practice implications
Our findings can provide a basic reference for developing interventions that improve healthy eating habits and thereby help to manage mental well‐being among nurses.
The presence of HLA haplotype DR3-DQ2 or DR4-DQ8 is associated with an increased risk of celiac disease. In addition, nearly all children with celiac disease have serum antibodies against tissue ...transglutaminase (tTG).
We studied 6403 children with HLA haplotype DR3-DQ2 or DR4-DQ8 prospectively from birth in the United States, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. The primary end point was the development of celiac disease autoimmunity, which was defined as the presence of tTG antibodies on two consecutive tests at least 3 months apart. The secondary end point was the development of celiac disease, which was defined for the purpose of this study as either a diagnosis on biopsy or persistently high levels of tTG antibodies.
The median follow-up was 60 months (interquartile range, 46 to 77). Celiac disease autoimmunity developed in 786 children (12%). Of the 350 children who underwent biopsy, 291 had confirmed celiac disease; an additional 21 children who did not undergo biopsy had persistently high levels of tTG antibodies. The risks of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease by the age of 5 years were 11% and 3%, respectively, among children with a single DR3-DQ2 haplotype, and 26% and 11%, respectively, among those with two copies (DR3-DQ2 homozygosity). In the adjusted model, the hazard ratios for celiac disease autoimmunity were 2.09 (95% confidence interval CI, 1.70 to 2.56) among heterozygotes and 5.70 (95% CI, 4.66 to 6.97) among homozygotes, as compared with children who had the lowest-risk genotypes (DR4-DQ8 heterozygotes or homozygotes). Residence in Sweden was also independently associated with an increased risk of celiac disease autoimmunity (hazard ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.25).
Children with the HLA haplotype DR3-DQ2, especially homozygotes, were found to be at high risk for celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease early in childhood. The higher risk in Sweden than in other countries highlights the importance of studying environmental factors associated with celiac disease. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others.).
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can increase pancreatic β-cells, and α-cells could be a source for new β-cell generation. We investigated whether GLP-1 increases β-cells through α-cell ...transdifferentiation. New β-cells originating from non-β-cells were significantly increased in recombinant adenovirus expressing GLP-1 (rAd-GLP-1)-treated RIP-CreER;R26-YFP mice. Proliferating α-cells were increased in islets of rAd-GLP-1-treated mice and αTC1 clone 9 (αTC1-9) cells treated with exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Insulin
glucagon
cells were significantly increased by rAd-GLP-1 or exendin-4 treatment in vivo and in vitro. Lineage tracing to label the glucagon-producing α-cells showed a higher proportion of regenerated β-cells from α-cells in rAd-GLP-1-treated Glucagon-rtTA;Tet-
-Cre;R26-YFP mice than rAd producing β-galactosidase-treated mice. In addition, exendin-4 increased the expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in αTC1-9 cells and β-cell-ablated islets. FGF21 treatment of β-cell-ablated islets increased the expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 and neurogenin-3 and significantly increased insulin
glucagon
cells. Generation of insulin
glucagon
cells by exendin-4 was significantly reduced in islets transfected with FGF21 small interfering RNA or islets of FGF21 knockout mice. Generation of insulin
cells by rAd-GLP-1 treatment was significantly reduced in FGF21 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. We suggest that GLP-1 has an important role in α-cell transdifferentiation to generate new β-cells, which might be mediated, in part, by FGF21 induction.
is an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene expressed in microglia. To study the role of
in a mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we compared PS2APP transgenic mice versus PS2APP mice lacking
(PS2APP;Trem2
) ...at ages ranging from 4 to 22 months. Microgliosis was impaired in PS2APP;Trem2
mice, with
-deficient microglia showing compromised expression of proliferation/Wnt-related genes and marked accumulation of ApoE. Plaque abundance was elevated in PS2APP;Trem2
females at 6-7 months; but by 12 or 19-22 months of age, it was notably diminished in female and male PS2APP;Trem2
mice, respectively. Across all ages, plaque morphology was more diffuse in PS2APP;Trem2
brains, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was elevated. The amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers also increased in PS2APP;Trem2
hippocampi. Associated with these changes, axonal dystrophy was exacerbated from 6 to 7 months onward in PS2APP;Trem2
mice, notwithstanding the reduced plaque load at later ages. PS2APP;Trem2
mice also exhibited more dendritic spine loss around plaque and more neurofilament light chain in CSF. Thus, aggravated neuritic dystrophy is a more consistent outcome of
deficiency than amyloid plaque load, suggesting that the microglial packing of Aβ into dense plaque is an important neuroprotective activity.
Genetic studies indicate that
gene mutations confer increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We studied the effects of
deletion in the PS2APP mouse AD model, in which overproduction of Aβ peptide leads to amyloid plaque formation and associated neuritic dystrophy. Interestingly, neuritic dystrophies were intensified in the brains of
-deficient mice, despite these mice displaying reduced plaque accumulation at later ages (12-22 months). Microglial clustering around plaques was impaired, plaques were more diffuse, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers were elevated in
-deficient brains. These results suggest that the Trem2-dependent compaction of Aβ into dense plaques is a protective microglial activity, limiting the exposure of neurons to toxic Aβ species.
Gate-controlled amplifiable ultraviolet phototransistors have been demonstrated using AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with very thin AlGaN barriers. In the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, the ...dark current between the source and drain increases with increasing thickness of the AlGaN barrier from 10 to 30 nm owing to the increase in piezoelectric polarization-induced two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG). However, the photocurrent of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT decreases with increasing thickness of the AlGaN barrier under ultraviolet exposure conditions. It can be observed that a thicker AlGaN barrier exhibits a much higher 2-DEG than the photogenerated carriers at the interface between AlGaN and GaN. In addition, regardless of the AlGaN barrier thickness, the source-drain dark current increases as the gate bias increases from - 1.0 to + 1.0 V. However, the photocurrent of the phototransistor with the 30 nm thick AlGaN barrier was not affected by the gate bias, whereas that of the phototransistor with 10 nm thick AlGaN barrier was amplified from reduction of the gate bias. From these results, we suggest that by controlling the gate bias, a thin AlGaN barrier can amplify/attenuate the photocurrent of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT-based phototransistor.
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