Summary Background Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause genital warts and cancers in men. The natural history of HPV infection in men is largely unknown, and that information is needed to inform ...prevention strategies. The goal in this study was to estimate incidence and clearance of type-specific genital HPV infection in men, and to assess the associated factors. Methods Men (aged 18–70 years), residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA, who were HIV negative and reported no history of cancer were recruited from the general population, universities, and organised health-care systems. They were assessed every 6 months for a median follow-up of 27·5 months (18·0–31·2). Specimens from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum were obtained for the assessment of the status of HPV genotypes. Findings In 1159 men, the incidence of a new genital HPV infection was 38·4 per 1000 person months (95% CI 34·3–43·0). Oncogenic HPV infection was significantly associated with having a high number of lifetime female sexual partners (hazard ratio 2·40, 1·38–4·18, for at least 50 partners vs not more than one partner), and number of male anal-sexual partners (2·57, 1·46–4·49, for at least three male partners vs no recent partners). Median duration of HPV infection was 7·52 months (6·80–8·61) for any HPV and 12·19 months (7·16–18·17) for HPV 16. Clearance of oncogenic HPV infection decreased in men with a high number of lifetime female partners (0·49, 0·31–0·76, for at least 50 female partners vs not more than one partner), and in men in Brazil (0·71, 0·56–0·91) and Mexico (0·73, 0·57–0·94) compared with the USA. Clearance of oncogenic HPV was more rapid with increasing age (1·02, 1·01–1·03). Interpretation The data from this study are useful for the development of realistic cost-effectiveness models for male HPV vaccination internationally. Funding National Cancer Institute.
Background Physician recommendation is a key predictor of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake. Understanding factors associated with recommendation is important for efforts to increase current ...suboptimal vaccine uptake. Purpose This study aimed to examine physician recommendations to vaccinate female patients aged 11–26 years, in 2009 and 2011, at 3 and 5 years postvaccine licensure, respectively. A second aim was to identify trends in factors associated with vaccine recommendation for ages 11 and 12 years. Methods Nationally representative samples of physicians practicing family medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology were randomly selected from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile ( n =1538 in 2009, n =1541 in 2011). A mailed survey asked physicians about patient and clinical practice characteristics; immunization support; and frequency of HPV vaccine recommendation (“always” ≥75% of the time vs other). Analyses were conducted in 2012. Results Completed surveys were received from 1013 eligible physicians (68% response rate) in 2009 and 928 (63%) in 2011. The proportion of physicians who reported always recommending HPV vaccine increased significantly from 2009 to 2011 for patients aged 11 or 12 years (35% vs 40%, respectively; p =0.03), but not for patients aged 13–17 years (53% vs 55%; p =0.28) or 18–26 years (50% vs 52%; p =0.52). Physician specialty, age, and perceived issues/barriers to vaccination were associated with vaccine recommendation for patients aged 11 or 12 in both years. Conclusions Results suggest a modest increase in recommendations for HPV vaccination of girls aged 11 or 12 years over a 2-year period; however, recommendations remain suboptimal for all age groups despite national recommendations for universal immunization.
Abstract Purpose We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database to explore the association between primary care and breast cancer outcomes. Methods Using a ...retrospective cohort study of 105,105 female Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of breast cancer in SEER registries during the years 1994–2005, we examined the total number of office visits to primary care physicians and non–primary care physicians in a 24-month period before cancer diagnosis. For women with invasive cancers, we examined the odds of diagnosis of late-stage disease, according to the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) (stages III and IV vs stages I and II), and survival (breast cancer specific and all cause) using logistic regression and proportional hazards models, respectively. We also explored whether including noninvasive cancers, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), would alter results and whether prior mammography was a potential mediator of associations. Results Primary care physician visits were associated with improved breast cancer outcomes, including greater use of mammography, reduced odds of late-stage diagnosis, and lower breast cancer and overall mortality. Prior mammography (and resultant earlier stage diagnosis) mediated these associations in part, but not completely. Similar results were seen for non–primary care physician visits. Results were similar when women with DCIS were included in the analysis. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer had better outcomes if they made greater use of a primary care physician's ambulatory services. These findings suggest adequate primary medical care may be an important factor in achieving optimal breast cancer outcomes.
Extended Self-Help for Smoking Cessation Brandon, Thomas H., PhD; Simmons, Vani N., PhD; Sutton, Steven K., PhD ...
American journal of preventive medicine,
July 2016, Letnik:
51, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Introduction Far too few smokers receive recommended interventions at their healthcare visits, highlighting the importance of identifying effective, low-cost smoking interventions that can be readily ...delivered. Self-help interventions (e.g., written materials) would meet this need, but they have shown low efficacy. The purpose of this RCT was to determine the efficacy of a self-help intervention with increased duration and intensity. Design Randomized parallel trial design involving enrollment between April 2010 and August 2011 with follow-up data for 24 months. Setting/participants U.S. national sample of daily smokers (N=1,874). Intervention Participants were randomized to one of three arms of a parallel trial design: Traditional Self-Help (TSH, n =638), Standard Repeated Mailings (SRM, n =614), or Intensive Repeated Mailings (IRM, n =622). TSH received an existing self-help booklet for quitting smoking. SRM received eight different cessation booklets mailed over a 12-month period. IRM received monthly mailings of ten booklets and additional material designed to enhance social support over 18 months. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was 7-day point-prevalence abstinence collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Results Data were analyzed between 2013 and 2015. A dose−response effect was found across all four follow-up points. For example, by 24 months, IRM produced the highest abstinence rate (30.0%), followed by SRM (24.4%) and TSH (18.9%). The difference in 24-month abstinence rates between IRM and TSH was 11.0% (95% CI=5.7%, 16.3%). Cost analyses indicated that, compared with TSH, the incremental cost per quitter who received SRM and IRM was $560 and $361, respectively. Conclusions Self-help interventions with increased intensity and duration resulted in significantly improved abstinence rates that extended 6 months beyond the end of the intervention. Despite the greater intensity, the interventions were highly cost effective, suggesting that widespread dissemination in healthcare settings could greatly enhance quitting. Trial Registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01352195.
Background The quality of cancer care has become a national priority; however, there are few ongoing efforts to assist medical oncology practices in identifying areas for improvement. The Florida ...Initiative for Quality Cancer Care is a consortium of 11 medical oncology practices that evaluates the quality of cancer care across Florida. Within this practice-based system of self-assessment, we determined adherence to colorectal cancer quality of care indicators (QCIs) in 2006, disseminated results to each practice and reassessed adherence in 2009. The current report focuses on evaluating the direction and magnitude of change in adherence to QCIs for colorectal cancer patients between the 2 assessments. Study Design Medical records were reviewed for all colorectal cancer patients seen by a medical oncologist in 2006 (n = 489) and 2009 (n = 511) at 10 participating practices. Thirty-five indicators were evaluated individually and changes in QCI adherence over time and by site were examined. Results Significant improvements were noted from 2006 to 2009, with large gains in surgical/pathological QCIs (eg, documenting rectal radial margin status, lymphovascular invasion, and the review of ≥12 lymph nodes) and medical oncology QCIs (documenting planned treatment regimen and providing recommended neoadjuvant regimens). Documentation of perineural invasion and radial margins significantly improved; however, adherence remained low (47% and 71%, respectively). There was significant variability in adherence for some QCIs across institutions at follow-up. Conclusions The Florida Initiative for Quality Cancer Care practices conducted self-directed quality-improvement efforts during a 3-year interval and overall adherence to QCIs improved. However, adherence remained low for several indicators, suggesting that organized improvement efforts might be needed for QCIs that remained consistently low over time. Findings demonstrate how efforts such as the Florida Initiative for Quality Cancer Care are useful for evaluating and improving the quality of cancer care at a regional level.
Background Elementary schools are one potential venue for sun protection interventions that reduce childhood sun exposure. Purpose To assess Year-2 results from a cluster randomized trial promoting ...hat use at schools. Design Block randomization was used to assign intervention/control status to participating schools. Data were collected from 2006 to 2008 and analyzed in 2007–2010. Setting/participants Of the 24 schools in the School District of Hillsborough County, Florida enrolled, 4th-graders were targeted in the first year and followed through their 5th-grade year. Intervention Classroom sessions were conducted to improve sun protection knowledge, foster more positive attitudes about hat use, and change the subjective norm of wearing hats when at school. Main outcome measures Year-2 outcomes assessed included hat use at school (measured by direct observation), hat use outside of school (measured by self-report) and skin pigmentation and nevi counts (measured for a subgroup of 439 students). Results The percentage of students observed wearing hats at control schools remained unchanged during the 2-year period (range 0%–2%) but increased significantly at intervention schools (2% at baseline, 41% at end of Year 1, 19% at end of Year 2; p <0.001 for intervention effect). Measures of skin pigmentation, nevi counts, and self-reported use of hats outside of school did not change during the study period. Conclusions This intervention increased use of hats at school through Year 2 but had no measurable effect on skin pigmentation or nevi. Whether school-based interventions can ultimately prevent skin cancer is uncertain. Trial registration This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00346021.
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