While there has been increasing attention to the role of social media during infectious disease outbreaks, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanisms by which social media use affects ...risk perception and preventive behaviors during such outbreaks. Using data collected during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea, this study explores the relationships among social media use, risk perception, and preventive behaviors by examining the mediating role of two self-relevant emotions: fear and anger. The findings demonstrate that social media use is positively related to both of these emotions, which are also positively related to the public's risk perception. The findings also indicate that social media use can significantly increase preventive behaviors via the two self-relevant emotions and the public's risk perception.
Jasmonic acid (JA) functions in plant development, including senescence and immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 encodes a JA receptor and functions in the JA‐responsive signaling ...pathway. The Arabidopsis genome harbors a single COI gene, but the rice (Oryza sativa) genome harbors three COI homologs, OsCOI1a, OsCOI1b, and OsCOI2. Thus, it remains unclear whether each OsCOI has distinct, additive, synergistic, or redundant functions in development. Here, we use the oscoi1b‐1 knockout mutants to show that OsCOI1b mainly affects leaf senescence under senescence‐promoting conditions. oscoi1b‐1 mutants stayed green during dark‐induced and natural senescence, with substantial retention of chlorophylls and photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, several senescence‐associated genes were downregulated in oscoi1b‐1 mutants, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 and ORESARA 1, important regulators of leaf senescence. These results suggest that crosstalk between JA signaling and ethylene signaling affects leaf senescence. The Arabidopsis coi1‐1 plants containing 35S:OsCOI1a or 35S:OsCOI1b rescued the delayed leaf senescence during dark incubation, suggesting that both OsCOI1a and OsCOI1b are required for promoting leaf senescence in rice. oscoi1b‐1 mutants showed significant decreases in spikelet fertility and grain weight, leading to severe reduction of grain yield, indicating that OsCOI1‐mediated JA signaling affects spikelet fertility and grain filling.
Mothers-in-law in multicultural families tend to experience psychological burden. This study aimed to verify the effects of the cultural adaptation promotion resilience program (CAPRP) on resilience, ...acculturation stress, depression, and quality of life among mothers-in-law in multi-cultural families. Forty-two participants from multicultural family support centres in the metropolitan city A were assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The CAPRP was performed for 60 minutes, twice a week for four weeks. The intervention group showed a significant decrease in the acculturation stress (p = .002), and depression (p = .006), while resilience (p < .001) and quality of life (p < .001) significantly increased compared to the control group. The intervention group reported significant improvements in resilience, acculturation stress, depression, and quality of life in comparison with the control group. The results indicated that the CAPRP, developed based on positive cognitive appraisal, was an efficient nursing intervention for mothers-in-law in multicultural families.
Multiple animal models of migraine have been used to develop new therapies. Understanding the transition from episodic (EM) to chronic migraine (CM) is crucial. We established models mimicking EM and ...CM pain and assessed neuropathological differences. EM and CM models were induced with single NTG or multiple injections over 9 days. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed. Immunofluorescence utilized c-Fos, NeuN, and Iba1. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers were analyzed. Neuropeptides (CGRP, VIP, PACAP, and substance P) were assessed. Mechanical thresholds were similar. Notable neuropathological distinctions were observed in Sp5C and ACC. ACC showed increased c-Fos and NeuN expression in CM (
< 0.001) and unchanged in EM. Sp5C had higher c-Fos and NeuN expression in EM (
< 0.001). Iba1 was upregulated in Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM (
< 0.001). Proinflammatory markers were strongly expressed in Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM. CGRP expression was elevated in both regions and was higher in CM. VIP exhibited higher levels in the Sp5C of EM and ACC of CM, whereas PACAP and substance P were expressed in the Sp5C in both models. Despite similar thresholds, distinctive neuropathological differences in Sp5C and ACC between EM and CM models suggest a role in the EM to CM transformation.
Human exposure to microplastics contained in food has become a significant concern owing to the increasing accumulation of microplastics in the environment. In this paper, we summarize the presence ...of microplastics in food and the analytical methods used for isolation and identification of microplastics. Although a large number of studies on seafood such as fish and shellfish exist, estimating the overall human exposure to microplastics via food consumption is difficult owing to the lack of studies on other food items. Analytical methods still need to be optimized for appropriate recovery of microplastics in various food matrices, rendering a quantitative comparison of different studies challenging. In addition, microplastics could be added or removed from ingredients during processing or cooking. Thus, research on processed food is crucial to estimate the contribution of food to overall human microplastic consumption and to mitigate this exposure in the future.
Hydrochromic materials have been actively investigated in the context of humidity sensing and measuring water contents in organic solvents. Here we report a sensor system that undergoes a brilliant ...blue-to-red colour transition as well as 'Turn-On' fluorescence upon exposure to water. Introduction of a hygroscopic element into a supramolecularly assembled polydiacetylene results in a hydrochromic conjugated polymer that is rapidly responsive (<20 μs), spin-coatable and inkjet-compatible. Importantly, the hydrochromic sensor is found to be suitable for mapping human sweat pores. The exceedingly small quantities (sub-nanolitre) of water secreted from sweat pores are sufficient to promote an instantaneous colorimetric transition of the polymer. As a result, the sensor can be used to construct a precise map of active sweat pores on fingertips. The sensor technology, developed in this study, has the potential of serving as new method for fingerprint analysis and for the clinical diagnosis of malfunctioning sweat pores.
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary cerebral small-vessel disease caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. Classical ...pathogenic mechanisms are associated with cysteine gain or loss, but recent studies suggest that cysteine-sparing mutations might have a potential role as a pathogen. In comparison with CADASIL patients in Western countries, there are several differences in Asian patients: (1) prevalent locus of NOTCH3 mutations (exons 2–6 particularly exon 4 vs. exon 11), (2) age at symptom onset, (3) prevalence of cerebral microbleeds and hemorrhagic stroke, (4) clinical symptoms, and (5) severity of white matter hyperintensities and typical involvement of the anterior temporal pole in magnetic resonance imaging. Both ethnicity and founder effects contribute to these differences in the clinical NOTCH3 spectrum in different cohorts. More functional investigations from diverse races are needed to clarify unknown but novel variants of NOTCH3 mutations. This review may broaden the spectrum of NOTCH3 variants from an Asian perspective and draw attention to the hidden pathogenic roles of NOTCH3 variants.
We hypothesized that auditory stimulation could reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and that audiovisual stimulation could have additional effects through multisensory integration. We ...exposed 12 month old Apoetm1.1(APOE*4)Adiuj mice (a mouse model of sporadic AD) to auditory (A) or audiovisual stimulation (AV) at 40 Hz for 14 days in a soundproof chamber system (no stimulation, N). Behavioral tests were performed before and after each session, and their brain tissues were assessed for amyloid-beta expression and apoptotic cell death, after 14 days. Furthermore, brain levels of acetylcholine and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. In the Y-maze test, the percentage relative alternation was significantly higher in group A than in group N mice. Amyloid-beta and TUNEL positivity in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly lower in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Acetylcholine levels were significantly higher in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Compared to group N mice, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 was lower in group A, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was higher in group AV. In a mouse model of early-stage sporadic AD, auditory or audiovisual stimulation improved cognitive performance and neuropathology.
•Short sleep duration is significantly associated with ADHD.•Short sleep duration is especially linked to the hyperactivity subtype.•Long sleep duration is not significantly associated with ADHD.
...Several previous meta-analyses have investigated the association between sleep quality and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To examine the relationship between short or long sleep duration and ADHD, a meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted.
The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched in March 2019 to retrieve observational studies. A random-effects model was used to analyze meta-estimates of sleep duration. Three evaluators independently reviewed and selected the articles based on pre-determined selection criteria.
Of 1466 articles retrieved, 10 observational epidemiological studies, comprising six case-control studies and four prospective cohort studies, were included in the final analysis. Short sleep duration was significantly linked to ADHD compared with average sleep duration (odds ratio OR or relative risk RR 1.28 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.41), and especially with hyperactivity (OR/RR 1.60 95% CI 1.18–2.17). Subgroup meta-analyses according to various factors, such as study design, number of participants, methodological quality, and adjustment for smoking status and education, yielded consistent results. A significant association between long sleep duration and ADHD was not observed.
Publication bias and substantial heterogeneity due to the diverse measurement tools used to determine ADHD were observed. Lack of prospective cohort studies was another limitation.
Short sleep duration was associated with ADHD in the current meta-analysis. Clinicians may need to be more aware of this association.
There are insufficient data in managing patients at high risk of deterioration. We aimed to investigate that national early warning score (NEWS) could predict severe outcomes in patients identified ...by a rapid response system (RRS), focusing on the patient's age. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from June 2019 to December 2020. Outcomes were unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. We analyzed the predictive ability of NEWS using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the effect of NEWS parameters using multivariable logistic regression. A total of 2,814 RRS activations were obtained. The predictive ability of NEWS for unplanned ICU admission and in-hospital mortality was fair but was poor for ICU mortality. The predictive ability of NEWS showed no differences between patients aged 80 years or older and under 80 years. However, body temperature affected in-hospital mortality for patients aged 80 years or older, and the inverse effect on unplanned ICU admission was observed. The NEWS showed fair predictive ability for unplanned ICU admission and in-hospital mortality among patients identified by the RRS. The different presentations of patients 80 years or older should be considered in implementing the RRS.
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