The development of wearable electronics has emphasized user-comfort, convenience, security, and improved medical functionality. Several previous research studies transformed various types of sensors ...into a wearable form to more closely monitor body signals and enable real-time, continuous sensing. In order to realize these wearable sensing platforms, it is essential to integrate wireless power supplies and data communication systems with the wearable sensors. This review article discusses recent progress in wireless technologies and various types of wearable sensors. Also, state-of-the-art research related to the application of wearable sensor systems with wireless functionality is discussed, including electronic skin, smart contact lenses, neural interfaces, and retinal prostheses. Current challenges and prospects of wireless sensor systems are discussed.
Background Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening systemic allergic reaction. Objective We aimed to determine the incidence rate and causes of anaphylaxis during a 10-year period in Olmsted ...County, Minnesota. Methods Using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a comprehensive records linkage system, we performed a population-based incidence study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2001 through 2010. All cases with a diagnosis of anaphylactic shock and 20% of cases with related diagnoses were manually reviewed. The relationships of age group, sex, and year of anaphylaxis with incidence rates were assessed by fitting Poisson regression models. Results Six hundred thirty-one cases of anaphylaxis were identified. The median age was 31 years (interquartile range, 19-44 years). The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 42 (95% CI, 38.7-45.3) per 100,000 person-years. There was a significant increase in the overall incidence of anaphylaxis during the study period, with an average increase of 4.3% per year ( P < .001). In addition, there was a 9.8% increase per year in the incidence rate of food-related anaphylaxis. Food-related anaphylaxis was most common in children aged 0 to 9 years, venom-related anaphylaxis was most common in those 20 to 39 years of age, and medication-related anaphylaxis was most common in those 30 to 39 years of age. Conclusion The overall incidence rate of anaphylaxis was 42 per 100,000 person-years from 2001-2010 in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The incidence of anaphylaxis increased over time, and several inciting triggers were uniquely associated with different age groups.
Recent work has shown that the brain's default mode network (DMN) is active when people imagine the future. Here, we test in human participants (both sexes) whether future imagination can be ...decomposed into two dissociable psychological processes linked to different subcomponents of the DMN. While measuring brain activity with fMRI as subjects imagine future events, we manipulate the vividness of these events to modulate the demands for event construction, and we manipulate the valence of these events to modulate the demands for event evaluation. We found that one subcomponent of the DMN, the ventral DMN or medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem, responds to the vividness but not the valence of imagined events. In contrast, another subcomponent, the dorsal or core DMN, responds to the valence but not the vividness of imagined events. This separate modifiability of different subcomponents of the DMN by vividness and valence provides strong evidence for a neurocognitive dissociation between (1) the construction of novel, imagined events from individual components from memory and (2) the evaluation of these constructed events as desirable or undesirable.
Across many studies, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activity has been found to correlate with subjective value during value-based decision-making. Recently, however, vmPFC has also been shown ...to reflect a hexagonal gridlike code during navigation through physical and conceptual space, and such gridlike codes have been proposed to enable value-based choices between novel options. Here, we first show that, in theory, a hexagonal gridlike code can in some cases mimic vmPFC activity previously attributed to subjective value, raising the possibility that the subjective value correlates previously observed in vmPFC may have actually been a misconstrued gridlike signal. We then compare the two accounts empirically, using fMRI data from a large number of subjects performing an intertemporal choice task. We find clear and unambiguous evidence that subjective value is a better description of vmPFC activity in this task than a hexagonal gridlike code. In fact, we find no significant evidence at all for a hexagonal gridlike code in vmPFC activity during intertemporal choice. This result limits the generality of gridlike modulation as description of vmPFC activity. We suggest that vmPFC may flexibly switch representational schemes so as to encode the most relevant information for the current task.
This study proposes a legal framework for the successful operation of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). It discusses the legal status of a remote operator of MASS, and the possibility of ...granting them status as a ship employee or master. This research argues that the status of seafarer or deemed seafarer should be required for R-level MASS, and the status of master or deemed master with the right to command in matters relating to ship operation be conferred for RU- and A-level MASS. The study presents an expanded notion of seafarers by extending the combination of ship and human elements-concerning seafarers in existing international maritime conventions-to deem remote operators of MASS ship employees. Further, it suggested that remote operators be regarded as a human element by perpetuating the notion of the master, retaining their status as the final entity of responsibility for the ship, even if the cutting-edge information and communication technology (ICT)-based commercialization of MASS is realized.
Over recent decades, the demand for smarter and more intelligent manufacturing systems has increased in order to meet the growing requirements of customers. Manufacturing systems are termed as smart ...manufacturing systems (SMSs); these systems are capable of fully integrated autonomous operation. Specifically, the concept of autonomous systems and functions has been adopted for next generation manufacturing systems (NGMSs). Among these NGMSs, the fractal manufacturing system (FrMS) exhibits several characteristics that are similar to those of SMSs. Therefore, in this paper, a smart, self-reconfigurable manufacturing system (SSrMS) based on the FrMS is proposed. The proposed SSrMS architecture was designed for realizing self-reconfiguration functions based on the FrMS concept. SSrMS exhibits a fractal structure, which enables the distribution of control features; this also constitutes the fundamental basis of autonomous operation and reconfiguration between each fractal. SSrMS architecture includes the use of big data, digital facilities, and simulations. Furthermore, we introduce three reconfiguration methods to conduct system reconfiguration, which are a goal decision model, a negotiation model, and a sustainability assessment method. The goal decision model was developed to determine a goal of each fractal to achieve the system’s goal. In other words, each fractal can decide a goal to achieve the system’s goal, such as maximizing productivity or profit, or minimizing cost, and others. The negotiation model was adopted to perform partial process optimization by reassigning tasks and resources between the fractals, based on the goal of coping with the changes in the system’s condition. The sustainability assessment method was designed to simultaneously evaluate sustainability with respect to the system’s goals. The proposed architecture of SSrMS with goal decision model, negotiation model, and sustainability assessment method has the features of self-optimization, self-organization, and self-reconfiguration in order to achieve fully autonomous operations for the manufacturing system. The proposed architecture including three methods are expected to provide a fundamental study of the autonomous operations. The main findings of in this study is the development of a new architecture for fully autonomous operations of the smart manufacturing system with reconfiguration methods of goal-oriented manufacturing processes.
Aim
The emergence and evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has generated increasing interest in machine learning applications for health care. Specifically, researchers are grasping the ...potential of machine learning solutions to enhance the quality of care in emergency medicine.
Methods
We undertook a narrative review of published works on machine learning applications in emergency medicine and provide a synopsis of recent developments.
Results
This review describes fundamental concepts of machine learning and presents clinical applications for triage, risk stratification specific to disease, medical imaging, and emergency department operations. Additionally, we consider how machine learning models could contribute to the improvement of causal inference in medicine, and to conclude, we discuss barriers to safe implementation of AI.
Conclusion
We intend that this review serves as an introduction to AI and machine learning in emergency medicine.
This article covers a basic concept of machine learning in emergency medicine.
Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) typically begins with the estimation of single trial activation levels, and several studies have examined how different procedures for estimating single trial ...activity affect the ultimate classification accuracy of MVPA. Here we show that the currently preferred estimation procedures impart spurious positive correlations between the means of different category activity estimates within the same scanner run. In other words, if the mean of the estimates for one type of trials is high (low) in a given scanner run, then the mean of the other type of trials is also high (low) for that same scanner run, and the run-level mean across all trials therefore shifts from run to run. Simulations show that these correlations occur whenever there is a need to deconvolve overlapping trial activities in the presence of noise. We show that subtracting each voxel's run-level mean across all trials from all the estimates within that run (i.e., run-level mean centering of estimates), by cancelling out these mean shifts, leads to robust and significant improvements in MVPA classification accuracy. These improvements are seen in both simulated and real data across a wide variety of situations. However, we also point out that there could be cases when mean activations are expected to shift across runs and that run-level mean centering could be detrimental in some of these cases (e.g., different proportion of trial types between different runs).
To investigate the impact of biomass-burning emissions on atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols, the biomass burning tracers; levoglucosan, mannonsan, galactosan, and K+ were measured at a suburban site ...in Daejeon, Korea, during the rice-harvest period, during the fall, 2012. The emissions of K+ from biomass burning (K+_BB) were estimated by subtracting sea-salt K+ and soil K+ concentrations from measured K+ concentrations. Regression analysis of levoglucosan and K+_BB reveals that K+_BB alone is not suitable as a biomass-burning tracer in the Daejeon atmosphere, especially when the biomass-burning contribution is low. Levoglucosan to K+_BB ratios during the study period ranged from 0.40 to 1.39, with an average of 0.89 ± 0.30, whereas levoglucosan to mannosan ratios ranged from 4.61 to 15.45, with an average of 6.70 ± 2.69. The ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan, K+, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) show that biomass-burning aerosols in the Daejeon atmosphere during the rice-harvest period are emitted mainly from crop residue, grass, and leaf burnings. The contributions of biomass-burning emissions to OC and EC concentrations were 45% ± 12% and 12% ± 7.3%, respectively, indicating that a large fraction of OC was emitted from biomass burning.
Display omitted
•K+ alone is not suitable as a biomass burning trace in Daejeon during fall.•BB aerosols were mainly emitted from burnings of crop residue, grass, and leaves.•45 ± 12% of OC was emitted from BB burning.•12 ± 7.3% of EC was emitted from BB burning.
PDF
