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•Pyrogallol conjugation of chitosan on primary amine increase the solubility at physiological pH.•Pyrogallol tailored chitosan exhibits improved wet adhesion than commercially ...available tissue sealant -fibrin glue.•Chitosan-gallic acid hydrogel can be used for microfiber fabrication via electrospinning to mimic natural structure.•Pyrogallol functionalization improved hemostasis function than parent chitosan.
The nature-inspired fabrication of tissue adhesive and hemostatic hydrogels holds great potential for restoring damaged internal tissue in regenerative medicine. However, feeble adhesion, multifaceted systems, prohibitive costs, and toxicity impede their applications in the medical field. In order to solve this problem, we fabricated chitosan-based wet tissue adhesive with hemostatic functions inspired by the self-healing mechanism of the tunicate. In order to introduce pyrogallol moiety, gallic acids, which are broadly distributed in nature, were incorporated into chitosan backbone, a key residue for the self-healing process of tunichrome in tunicates. The in vitro adhesion test results of the tunicate-inspired hydrogel exhibited two-fold greater adhesion ability in wet condition than did fibrin glue, a commercially available surgical glue. Further, the tunicate-inspired hydrogel exhibited significantly more platelet adhesion and blood clotting ability than the parent polymer. We also demonstrated the ability of the derivative to completely mimic the tunicate’s fibrous structure by fabricating an electrospun mat. The hemostatic function vis-à-vis the wet adhesiveness of the synthesized chitosan-based material may be useful for facilitating the shortcomings of the restorative tissue medicine. Additionally, the electrospinning capability will enable the modulate of the structure-property relationship and a three-dimensional design for its application site.
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector ...functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.
► Development of ID-LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in meat. ► Slight separation of deuterated internal standards from their target analytes by LC. ► The R.T. difference causes ...bias in isotope ratio measurement due to matrix effects. ► LC conditions were optimized to get rid of biases from matrix effects in ID-LC/MS/MS. ► Method was validated for samples of bovine and porcine muscles, and chicken breast.
Isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC–MS/MS) has been established as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of three representative fluoroquinolone antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin) in meat products. Enrofloxacin-d5, ciprofloxacin-13C315N, and norfloxacin-d5 were used as internal standards. After extraction and SPE clean-up, samples were analyzed by using LC–MS/MS in positive ion mode. We observed that the deuterium-labeled internal standards have slightly different LC retention time from their native analogues, which reduces the benefits of using isotope dilution techniques as ion suppression/enhancement effects caused by co-eluting matrix interferences are not completely compensated. In this study, LC conditions were optimized to minimize matrix effects causing different ionization efficiency between the target analytes and their isotope analogues by separating them from significant matrix interferences. The analytical method was validated by measuring samples (chicken breast, bovine muscle, and porcine muscle) gravimetrically fortified in various levels with the target analytes. The method provided accurate analytical results of the target analytes in the range of 5–50μg/kg with the relative expanded uncertainty of 1–5%.
Abstract
Yeast is an integral part of mammalian microbiome, and like commensal bacteria, has the potential of being harnessed to influence immunity in clinical settings. However, functional ...specificities of yeast-derived immunoregulatory molecules remain elusive. Here we find that while under steady state, β-1,3-glucan-containing polysaccharides potentiate pro-inflammatory properties, a relatively less abundant class of cell surface polysaccharides, dubbed mannan/β-1,6-glucan-containing polysaccharides (MGCP), is capable of exerting potent anti-inflammatory effects to the immune system. MGCP, in contrast to previously identified microbial cell surface polysaccharides, through a Dectin1-Cox2 signaling axis in dendritic cells, facilitates regulatory T (Treg) cell induction from naïve T cells. Furthermore, through a TLR2-dependent mechanism, it restrains Th1 differentiation of effector T cells by suppressing IFN-γ expression. As a result, administration of MGCP display robust suppressive capacity towards experimental inflammatory disease models of colitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, thereby highlighting its potential therapeutic utility against clinically relevant autoimmune diseases.
Oleogelation has recently received a great deal of attention in the food industry as a novel alternative technology that physically converts liquid oil into semi-solid gel. Since the functional ...characteristics of oleogels are dependent on the gelators or bioactive compounds incorporated, this study was undertaken to evaluate the rheological properties and oxidative stability of candelilla wax oleogels fortified with glycerol monostearate (GMS) and β-carotene, and also to investigate their applications to muffin as a shortening replacer. The interaction between candelilla wax and GMS contributed to strengthening the oleogel structure. The oleogels with β-carotene showed the lowest peroxide values than the other samples. The muffins prepared with oleogels for shortening had greater specific gravity and harder texture, but there was no significant difference in the specific volume between the shortening and oleogel samples with GMS. In addition, muffins with β-carotene oleogels showed the highest oxidative stability. Therefore, this study indicated that the incorporation of β-carotene and GMS in oleogels positively affected the storage stability of muffin.
Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) manufacturing facilities process 4.72 million tons of waste annually. The residues generated after manufacturing SRF products account for 35–40% of the input waste, and most ...of them are finally disposed of in landfills. The process flow and management status of SRF manufacturing facilities were investigated, and the residues generated from SRF manufacturing facilities using municipaland industrial waste, respectively, were separated by particle size. The appropriate separation conditions for the residues according to the characteristics of the input raw materials were presented through the analysis of loss on ignition (LOI), organic foreign substance content, heating value, and carbon content. Based on this, the appropriate management criteria (draft) for the subsequent treatment of final residues were derived to improve recyclability. Residues generated in the SRF manufacturing process need to be additionally separated into combustibles and incombustibles through cylindrical rotary separating devices before subsequent the final disposal process.
Hydrogel-gated synaptic transistors offer unique advantages, including biocompatibility, tunable electrical properties, being biodegradable, and having an ability to mimic biological synaptic ...plasticity. For processing massive data with ultralow power consumption due to high parallelism and human brain-like processing abilities, synaptic transistors have been widely considered for replacing von Neumann architecture-based traditional computers due to the parting of memory and control units. The crucial components mimic the complex biological signal, synaptic, and sensing systems. Hydrogel, as a gate dielectric, is the key factor for ionotropic devices owing to the excellent stability, ultra-high linearity, and extremely low operating voltage of the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Moreover, hydrogel exhibits ionotronic functions through a hybrid circuit of mobile ions and mobile electrons that can easily interface between machines and humans. To determine the high-efficiency neuromorphic chips, the development of synaptic devices based on organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with ultra-low power dissipation and very large-scale integration, including bio-friendly devices, is needed. This review highlights the latest advancements in neuromorphic computing by exploring synaptic transistor developments. Here, we focus on hydrogel-based ionic-gated three-terminal (3T) synaptic devices, their essential components, and their working principle, and summarize the essential neurodegenerative applications published recently. In addition, because hydrogel-gated FETs are the crucial members of neuromorphic devices in terms of cutting-edge synaptic progress and performances, the review will also summarize the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with which such devices can be implemented. It is expected that neuromorphic devices might provide potential solutions for the future generation of interactive sensation, memory, and computation to facilitate the development of multimodal, large-scale, ultralow-power intelligent systems.
Researchers are interested in measuring mental stress because it is linked to a variety of diseases. Real-time stress monitoring via wearable sensor systems can aid in the prevention of ...stress-related diseases by allowing stressors to be controlled immediately. Physical tests, such as heart rate or skin conductance, have recently been used to assess stress; however, these methods are easily influenced by daily life activities. As a result, for more accurate stress monitoring, validations requiring two or more stress-related biomarkers are demanded. In this review, the combinations of various types of sensors (hereafter referred to as multiplexed sensor systems) that can be applied to monitor stress are discussed, referring to physical and chemical biomarkers. Multiplexed sensor systems are classified as multiplexed physical sensors, multiplexed physical-chemical sensors, and multiplexed chemical sensors, with the effect of measuring multiple biomarkers and the ability to measure stress being the most important. The working principles of multiplexed sensor systems are subdivided, with advantages in measuring multiple biomarkers. Furthermore, stress-related chemical biomarkers are still limited to cortisol; however, we believe that by developing multiplexed sensor systems, it will be possible to explore new stress-related chemical biomarkers by confirming their correlations to cortisol. As a result, the potential for further development of multiplexed sensor systems, such as the development of wearable electronics for mental health management, is highlighted in this review.
Marine‐inspired phenolic compounds that exhibit underwater adhesion are used as biomedical adhesives under wet conditions. While these applications mainly use catechol and pyrogallol moieties that ...contain different numbers of hydroxyl groups on their benzene rings, how this difference affects adhesion and cohesion is not well understood. Herein, the chitosan backbone is functionalized with catechol and pyrogallol at similar modification rates (to give chitosan‐catechol (CS‐CA) and chitosan‐pyrogallol (CS‐GA), respectively) and their interaction energies are compared by using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). The phenolic moieties decrease the rigidity of the chitosan chain and increase solubility; consequently, CS‐CA and CS‐GA are more cohesive and adhesive than chitosan at pH 7.4. Moreover, the additional hydroxyl group of GA provides a further interacting chance; hence, CS‐GA is more cohesive and adhesive than CS‐CA. This study provides in‐depth insight into interactions involving chitosan derivatives bearing introduced phenolic moieties that will help to develop biomedical adhesives.
Chitosan–Caffeic acid (CS‐CA) and Chitosan–Gallic acid (CS‐GA) interaction energies are measured at different pH values and in the presence of periodate. With the exception of adhesion at pH 7.4, CS‐GA coheres and adheres more strongly than CS‐CA, and both conjugates adhere and cohere more strongly than pristine chitosan or the parent phenols at higher pH or when periodate is added, due to synergy.
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