Abstract
Background
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecological tumor. Changes in glycolysis have been proven to play an important role in OC progression. We aimed to identify a novel ...glycolysis-related gene signature to better predict the prognosis of patients with OC.
Methods
mRNA and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. The “limma” R package was used to identify glycolysis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, a multivariate Cox proportional regression model and survival analysis were used to develop a glycolysis-related gene signature. Furthermore, the TCGA training set was divided into two internal test sets for validation, while the ICGC dataset was used as an external test set. A nomogram was constructed in the training set, and the relative proportions of 22 types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were evaluated using the “CIBERSORT” R package. The enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were determined by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) with the “GSVA” R package. Finally, the expression and function of the unreported signature genes ISG20 and SEH1L were explored using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, qRT-PCR, proliferation, migration, invasion and xenograft tumor assays.
Results
A five-gene signature comprising ANGPTL4, PYGB, ISG20, SEH1L and IRS2 was constructed. This signature could predict prognosis independent of clinical factors. A nomogram incorporating the signature and three clinical features was constructed, and the calibration plot suggested that the nomogram could accurately predict the survival rate. According to ssGSEA, the signature was associated with KEGG pathways related to axon guidance, mTOR signalling, tight junctions, etc. The proportions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells differed significantly between the high-risk group and the low-risk group. The expression levels of ISG20 and SEH1L were lower in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Overexpression of ISG20 or SEH1L suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of Caov3 cells in vitro and the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo.
Conclusion
Five glycolysis-related genes were identified and incorporated into a novel risk signature that can effectively assess the prognosis and guide the treatment of OC patients.
SUMMARY
Plant diseases worsen the threat of food shortage with the growing global population, and disease recognition is the basis for the effective prevention and control of plant diseases. Deep ...learning has made significant breakthroughs in the field of plant disease recognition. Compared with traditional deep learning, meta‐learning can still maintain more than 90% accuracy in disease recognition with small samples. However, there is no comprehensive review on the application of meta‐learning in plant disease recognition. Here, we mainly summarize the functions, advantages, and limitations of meta‐learning research methods and their applications for plant disease recognition with a few data scenarios. Finally, we outline several research avenues for utilizing current and future meta‐learning in plant science. This review may help plant science researchers obtain faster, more accurate, and more credible solutions through deep learning with fewer labeled samples.
Significance Statement
This paper focuses on the research related to meta‐learning based plant disease recognition with few samples. With the significant progress in deep‐learning based plant disease detection, disease diagnose is gradually intelligent. However, traditional deep‐learning has limited the existing research development because of the great demand for samples, time and effort consumption, and the lack of migration between models. Furthermore, traditional deep‐learning faces the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive nature of the available samples and the lack of transferability between models. The emergence of meta‐learning methods has solved the problem of sample annotation arising from the huge sample size, and strong feature‐extracting ability, which may be an essential tool for future crop phenotype research.
Few-shot object detection (FSOD), a formidable task centered around developing inclusive models with annotated constrained samples, has attracted increasing interest in recent years. This discipline ...addresses unbalanced data distributions, which are particularly relevant to authentic scenarios. Although recent FSOD efforts have achieved considerable success in terms of localization, recognition remains a formidable obstacle. This stems from the fact that typical FSOD models evolve from general object detection frameworks predicated on extensive training data, and they underutilize and mine data information in scenarios with restricted samples, resulting in subpar performance. To address this deficiency, we introduce a groundbreaking methodology that is specifically tailored to overcome the inadequate sample challenge in FSOD tasks. Our approach incorporates a neighborhood information adaption (NIA) module that is designed to dynamically utilize information near the target, assisting in robustly performing object identification within the target domain. In addition, we propose an innovative attention mechanism called all attention, which not only encapsulates the dependencies of each position within a single feature map but also leverages correlations with other feature maps. This methodology culminates in more refined feature representations, which are particularly advantageous in situations with limited data. Comprehensive experiments conducted on the PASCAL VOC and COCO datasets illustrate that our technique achieves a substantial improvement with regard to addressing the FSOD task.
Heterostructures with a rich phase boundary are attractive for surface-mediated microwave absorption (MA) materials. However, understanding the MA mechanisms behind the heterogeneous interface ...remains a challenge. Herein, a phosphine (PH3) vapor-assisted phase and structure engineering strategy was proposed to construct three-dimensional (3D) porous Ni12P5/Ni2P heterostructures as microwave absorbers and explore the role of the heterointerface in MA performance. The results indicated that the heterogeneous interface between Ni12P5 and Ni2P not only creates sufficient lattice defects for inducing dipolar polarization but also triggers uneven spatial charge distribution for enhancing interface polarization. Furthermore, the porous structure and proper component could provide an abundant heterogeneous interface to strengthen the above polarization relaxation process, thereby greatly optimizing the electromagnetic parameters and improving the MA performance. Profited by 3D porous heterostructure design, P400 could achieve the maximum reflection loss of −50.06 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 3.30 GHz with an ultrathin thickness of 1.20 mm. Furthermore, simulation results confirmed its superior ability (14.97 dB m2 at 90°) to reduce the radar cross section in practical applications. This finding may shed light on the understanding and design of advanced heterogeneous MA materials.
Methane hydrate formation accompanied by upward migration of methane in sediments was studied. Methane hydrate film forms initially along the interface between the gas and surrounding pore fluid when ...methane reaches the hydrate stability zone. Subsequent film thickening and related mass transfer are critical but have not been studied previously. Experimental and theoretical studies were performed to investigate the film thickening and rate‐limiting mechanisms. Initial gas density affects the stability of the growing hydrate film, and mass transfer through hydrate film is proposed as a rate‐limiting step for hydrate growth.
Plain Language Summary
Gas hydrate films can quickly form when gas and water meet each other given proper pressure and temperature. Yet, little is known about what occurs afterward. We use both experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate slow transformation of methane bubbles to methane hydrate. Two experiments were conducted using gas densities lower or higher than methane density in methane hydrate. In the lower‐density case, the initially formed hydrate film breaks, which lets water invade into the gas bubble. By contrast, the hydrate film maintains its integrity in the higher‐density case, and the slowly formed hydrate takes over both the spaces initially occupied by gas and water. Observations indicate that both water transfer into the gas bubble and outward gas transfer from the bubble occur through hydrate films. A theoretical analysis explores these processes based on the slow mass migration via seemingly solid hydrate: (1) gas diffusion driven by gas concentration gradient in hydrate and (2) water flow via conduits within polycrystalline hydrate driven by pressure gradients. The mass transfer rates match experimental observations and agree with previous studies. Results suggest that natural hydrate formed from free gas at significant depth could have residual gas inclusions for millions of years.
Key Points
Methane hydrate film thickening is controlled by slow mass transfer of water and gas through hydrate film
Initial gas density is critical to the mechanical stability of the growing hydrate film
In nature, gas hydrate separating gaseous and aqueous phases can long coexist with them under hydrate‐forming conditions
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•The conversion of xylose and pentose-rich carbohydrate to furfural was performed.•Sn-MMT with double acid sites was used as a heterogeneous catalyst.•76.79% furfural yield and 82.45% ...selectively were obtained from xylose.•39.56% and 54.15% furfural yields were directly obtained from WIH and WSF.
The conversion of xylose, water-insoluble hemicelluloses (WIH) and water-soluble fraction (WSF) of corncob to furfural was performed using montmorillonite with tin ions (Sn-MMT) containing double acid sites as a solid acid catalyst. The co-existence of Lewis acids and Brønsted acids in Sn-MMT was shown to improve the furfural yield and selectivity. 76.79% furfural yield and 82.45% furfural selectivity were obtained from xylose using Sn-MMT as a catalyst in a biphasic system with 2-s-butylphenol (SBP) as the organic extracting layer and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the co-solvent in contact with an aqueous phase saturated with NaCl (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) at 180°C for 30min. Furthermore, Sn-MMT also demonstrated the excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of pentose-rich materials of corncob and 39.56% and 54.15% furfural yields can be directly obtained from WIH and WSF in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system, respectively.
Entomopathogenic fungus as well as their toxins is a natural threat surrounding social insect colonies. To defend against them, social insects have evolved a series of unique disease defenses at the ...colony level, which consists of behavioral and physiological adaptations. These colony-level defenses can reduce the infection and poisoning risk and improve the survival of societal members, and is known as social immunity. In this review, we discuss how social immunity enables the insect colony to avoid, resist and tolerate fungal pathogens. To understand the molecular basis of social immunity, we highlight several genetic elements and biochemical factors that drive the colony-level defense, which needs further verification. We discuss the chemosensory genes in regulating social behaviors, the antifungal secretions such as some insect venoms in external defense and the immune priming in internal defense. To conclude, we show the possible driving force of the fungal toxins for the evolution of social immunity. Throughout the review, we propose several questions involved in social immunity extended from some phenomena that have been reported. We hope our review about social 'host-fungal pathogen' interactions will help us further understand the mechanism of social immunity in eusocial insects.
Natural gas hydrate is critical for its tremendous potential to impact the energy supply field, accelerate global warming if methane reaches the atmosphere, and affect the safety of deep-sea oil and ...gas production ...
Spacecraft materials are a key limiting factor for the rapid development of the aerospace exploration field. In an advanced spacecraft, superior multi-functional material with thermal management and ...electromagnetic shielding can ensure the normal operation of its equipment in space. Currently, graphene thin film can’t satisfy a high heat flux and excellent through-plane thermal conduction. In this contribution, a full-carbon dual-functional graphene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) thick film with high heat flux was successfully prepared, and the structure and composition evolution was investigated after hot-pressing carbonization and graphitization of 2800 °C, which indicates the existence of a compact defects-free and high crystalline carbon structure. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirm the formation of C–C covalent bonds between graphene sheets and CNTs after 2800 °C graphitization, enhancing the phonons transfer in through-plane. Simultaneously, the axially adjacent graphene sheets are connected by the CNTs, which endow excellent thermal conductive properties. The in-plane and through-plane thermal diffusivity are as high as 1188.2 mm2/s and 8.0 mm2/s, respectively. Moreover, the electrical conductivity up to 1819.17 S/cm and EMI SE reach 75 dB in Ku-band. The results provide a bright prospect for spacecraft materials preparation and application.
A dual-functional graphene/CNTs thick film with high heat flux was successfully prepared by the vacuum filtration method. Structural and composition evolution of the film was investigated after the graphitization of 2800 °C by the experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. The gGC-2800 thick film achieves excellent bidirectional superior thermal conductivity of in-plane and through-plane and electromagnetic shielding performance. Display omitted
•A graphene/CNTs thick film with high heat flux was successfully prepared via the vacuum assisted self-assembly and graphitization of 2800 °C.•By the investigation of experimental and molecular dynamics simulation, the microstructure possesses a defect-free and highlycrystallinity, found the formation of C–C covalent bonds between the graphene and CNTs after 2800 °C graphitization.•After the introduction of CNTs, the thick film achieves excellent through-plane thermal conductivity properties.•The thick film exhibits an excellent electrical conductivity and EMI SE in Ku band.
A film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR), based on a polymer air cavity, is presented. The polymer reflective layer on the polymer air cavity can serve both as the reflective layer and the function ...layer for inducing the high-order mode resonance. With the aluminum nitride as the piezoelectric layer, the resonance frequency of the FBAR can reach 6.360 GHz, based on the finite element method. The product of the corresponding frequency and the quality factor, f × Q is more than 2 × 1013. This design model provides a good solution for the high-frequency filters and high-sensitivity sensor designs.
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