This study aimed to evaluate the physical (particle size and ζ-potential) and techno-functional properties (emulsifying and foaming) of goat milk powders enriched with grape pomace seed extract ...(TME), as promising food ingredients in the formulation of functional food. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, along with advanced chemometric tools were employed as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for analyzing TME powders. All powders exhibited a unimodal particle size distribution and ζ-potential values more negative than −36 mV. ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies combined with principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated distinct separation among skimmed goat milk (M), thermally treated skimmed goat milk (TM), and TME powders in different spectral regions (amide I, II, III, and fingerprint region). This separation resulted from the applied thermal treatment, the presence of phenolic compounds and their complexes with goat milk proteins, and the formation of Maillard reaction products. SEM analysis confirmed the different morphology and shapes of M, TM and TME powders. The 0.1% solutions of M, TM and TME exhibited good emulsifying properties (emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index) but showed poor foaming properties, except for the M sample. Solution concentrations higher than 0.1% for all samples (0.5% and 1.0%) displayed poor techno-functional properties. In summary, a schematic representation of the arrangement of casein micelles in 0.1% M, TM and TME samples, on oil/water and air/water surfaces was provided. The production of TME powders represents an innovative strategy for waste recovery in the production of functional food ingredients with good emulsifying properties.
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•Heated goat milk (TM) were mixed with grape pomace seed (SE) extracts.•SE extracts didn't significantly change the ζ-potential of goat milk micelles.•Changes in the secondary structure of milk proteins were observed after SE addition.•Different microstructures of goat milk powders were found by SEM.•0.1% solutions of goat powders showed good emulsifying and poor foaming properties.
The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the phytochemical composition of amaranth (AMJ), red beet (RBJ), and broccoli (BCJ) microgreens and cold-pressed juices and to evaluate the antioxidant ...and sensory properties of the juices. The results showed the presence of various phenolic compounds in all samples, namely betalains in amaranth and red beet microgreens, while glucosinolates were only detected in broccoli microgreens. Phenolic acids and derivatives dominated in amaranth and broccoli microgreens, while apigenin
-glycosides were most abundant in red beet microgreens. Cold-pressing of microgreens into juice significantly altered the profiles of bioactive compounds. Various isothiocyanates were detected in BCJ, while more phenolic acid aglycones and their derivatives with organic acids (quinic acid and malic acid) were identified in all juices. Microgreen juices exhibited good antioxidant properties, especially ABTS
scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Microgreen juices had mild acidity, low sugar content, and good sensory acceptability and quality with the typical flavors of the respective microgreen species. Cold-pressed microgreen juices from AMJ, RBJ, and BCJ represent a rich source of bioactive compounds and can be characterized as novel functional products.
Black soybean coat is insufficiently valorised food production waste rich in anthocyanins. The goal of the study was to examine physicochemical properties of spray dried extract of black soybean coat ...in regard to carrier materials: maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and skimmed milk powder. Maltodextrin and gum Arabic-based microparticles were spherical and non-porous while skimmed milk powder-based were irregularly shaped. Low water activity of microparticles (0.31-0.33), good powders characteristics, high solubility (80.3-94.3%) and encapsulation yields (63.7-77.0%) were determined. All microparticles exhibited significant antioxidant capacity (243-386 μmolTE/g), good colour stability after three months of storage and antimicrobial activity. High content of total anthocyanins, with cyanidin-3-glucoside as predominant, were achieved. In vitro release of anthocyanins from microparticles was sustained, particularly from gum Arabic-based. These findings suggest that proposed simple eco-friendly extraction and microencapsulation procedures could serve as valuable tools for valorisation and conversion of black soybean coat into highly functional and stable food colourant.
The influence of extraction parameters on the ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE) of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, Se, Mo, Li, Al, B, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, and Ni was studied to determine the ...conditions when a minimum of essential and maximum of toxic elements is leached from peppers, depending on its ripening stage. The effect of process variables was investigated by using Box–Behnken design. Each essential element had a different optimal condition for minimal leaching, while the toxic elements were predominantly extracted with acetic acid solution as extractant. The highest correlation between extraction conditions and concentration of extracted elements was found for aqueous extracts of mature green pepper. The concentration of acetic acid highly influenced the leaching of elements and a strong correlation between the concentration of Al, B, Fe, and Mn, and the UAE experimental conditions were observed.
Practical applications
This study investigates the leaching of minerals and heavy metals present in vegetables to the most commonly used media (water and acetic acid) during processing and canning. The data from this study may be useful for improving the quality of processed pepper products due to new information on how different parameters influence these losses (ripening stage of peppers, medium/solvent used for preparation, or storage, applied temperatures, time, mass to volume ratio). Essential elements are better preserved during the processing of intermediate breaker and mature red pepper compared to green mature fruits. Better retention of essential elements in the breaker and mature red pepper (that are mostly used in industrial processing) can be achieved by reducing the contact time with water, as well as mass to volume ratio. Leaching of toxic elements Al, Hg, and As can be improved with an acetic acid solution.
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Two optimized methods, based on epoxy-amino reactivity of the Cellulose fibres (Cell) modified with diethylenetriamine (Cell‒DETA), (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (Cell-Glymo), ...Lignin modified with epichlorohydrine (EL) and Tannic acid (TA), as an additional crosslinker, were developed for the production of the bio-renewable Cell-EL and Cell-EL-TA membranes. The influences of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature on adsorption performances were studied by batch adsorption tests. The calculated capacities: 53.9, 99.9, 97.8 and 63.5, 115.8, 127.5 mg g−1 for Ni2+, Pb2+, Cr(VI) using Cell-EL and Cell-EL-TA, respectively, were obtained from Langmuir model fitting at 25 °C. The thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous and low endothermic processes. The results of the kinetic study, i.e. pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Weber-Morris (W-M), suggest an intra-particle diffusion as a rate-limiting step. The semi-empirical quantum chemical calculations aided the analysis of the non-specific and specific adsorbent/adsorbate interactions and their contribution to the overall bonding mechanism. Membrane utility was confirmed by performing a bed column study. In general, three main environmental issues of the present study, biodegradability of the used membrane, desorption efficiency, and development of the technology for the effective effluent water treatment and safe disposal of by-products highly conform to the demand of integrated environmental management system applicability in practice.
Bioactive compounds obtained from Coriolus versicolor (Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr) Lloyd, 1920.) mushrooms cultivated in a stirred-tank bioreactor were tested to determine their antimicrobial ...potential. Extracellular polysaccharides were isolated from the fermentation broth by ethanol precipitation. A methanol extract was prepared from mycelium. The cultivation conditions applied during the fermentation process provided for significant biomass 6.63±0.31g dry weight L−1 and yield of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) (0.74±0.12gL−1). Microscopic analyses revealed that the mycelium grew predominately in the form of fluffy pellets. The methanol extract demonstrated very good activity against all the tested Gram-positive bacteria. Bacillus spizizeni and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most sensitive strains (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) <0.3125mgmL−1). Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica had the lowest MIC value, 5mgmL−1. Microbicidal activity of mycelia methanol extract was established in seven out of ten tested Gram-negative bacteria strains with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 20 to 40mgmL−1. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus showed higher sensitivity to the extracellular polysaccharides (MIC values 2.5mgmL−1). FTIR analysis revealed a more complex chemical composition of the methanol extract compared to EPS, which might explain the better antibacterial activity of the methanol extract.
Our results suggested that the submerged cultivation of Coriolus versicolor followed by ethanol precipitation of EPS and the methanol extraction of mycelia can be a promising process to obtain biological active compounds with significant antimicrobial activity.
Mushrooms contain a large number of chemicals with potential use as antimicrobial compounds.
One of the biggest challenges for providing biologically active compounds from mushrooms is short-term process standardization with a low risk for contamination. Submerged culture cultivation is the best choice for providing antimicrobial compounds from mushrooms. The submerged culture method represents an effective and energy-efficient means to produce novel antibacterial compound from mushrooms. Antibacterial activity testing revealed that methanol extract and isolated exopolysaccharides exhibited strong antibacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria.
•Applied biotechnological process provides significant biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) yield;•In vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol extract from Coriolus versicolor mycelia and extracellular polysaccharides from fermentation broth was found;•FTIR spectroscopy was used for studying chemical properties of isolated bioactive compounds;•Coriolus versicolor batch fermentation is a promising fast process rapid method for obtaining antibacterial compounds.
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•Synthesis and characterization of novel copper mineralized agar composite films.•Carbonate and phosphate mineral phases improve physico-chemical properties of films.•Incorporation of ...mineral phases improved UV and water vapor barrier properties.•Cu-mineralized agar films show excellent antimicrobial activity.•Cu-mineralized agar films could have potential application in biomedicine.
New agar-based composite films with increasing Cu-carbonate and Cu-phosphate mineral phase content were prepared by in situ mineralization and solvent casting method. SEM and optical analysis revealed that Cu-carbonate phase had better compatibility with agar matrix than Cu-phosphate phase. Incorporation of both mineral phases improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the obtained mineralized films, in concentration dependent manner. When 5 mM of carbonate precursor was incorporated into agar matrix, mechanical resistance was enchanced for 44% and water vapor barrier property for 40%. The release of Cu (II) was higher in acidic conditions for both mineralized composites and remained in the range of specific release limits for this metal. In addition, both mineralized composite films exhibited distinctive antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Overall, the Cu-carbonate and Cu-phosphate mineralized agar films showed potential to be used for food packaging materials, agriculture or medical purposes.
This study characterizes oak (sessile and pedunculate oak) and alternative wood (black locust, Myrobalan plum, wild cherry, and mulberry) species as important sources of volatile compounds of aged ...spirits. Nowadays, their fragments are used to hasten the brandies? aging process. The ATR-FTIR spectra of analyzed wood samples are similar, only the mulberry FTIR spectrum contains unique peaks primarily due to its highest lignin content (40.93%). Using the untargeted GC-MS approach, a total of forty-one volatile compounds were identified in the wood extracts in a model spirit solution. The volatile profiles of alternative wood extracts in a model spirit solution were significantly different, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared to those of oak. Coniferyl (23.14 ?g/g?26.6 ?g/g) and sinapyl (23.56 ?g/g?25.82 ?g/g) alcohols were the most abundant volatile compounds in investigated oak extracts. Resorcinol and coniferyl alcohol were the most abundant volatile compounds in black locust, sakuranin in wild cherry, while resorcinol and ?-resorcinaldehyde in mulberry wood. To the best of our knowledge, sakuranin has not been detected in wild cherry wood until now. Besides wood chemical characteristics, the technology used during the aging process strongly influences on volatile profiles of aged brandies, thus, these compounds are potential chemical markers for discrimination between wood species as well as aging technologies.
This study aimed to develop active, biodegradable materials for food packaging by incorporating sage extract (SE) within a zein-gelatin blend by electrospinning and solvent casting. The fabrication ...techniques, SE incorporation, and its content (5, 10% w/w) determined the materials’ properties. Electrospinning produced 0.36–0.53 mm thick, non-transparent fibrous mats (mean fiber diameter 1.12–1.36 µm). Solvent casting generated 0.34–0.41 mm thick, transparent continuous films. The analysis indicated the constituents’ compatibility, homogenous dispersion, and efficient SE incorporation without strong chemical interactions and phase separation. The solvent-cast films presented more ordered structures, higher mechanical resistance, elongation, and water vapor barrier performance than the electrospun mats. The SE-incorporating formulations showed phenolics’ delivery ability to food simulants influenced by structure, SE content, and media polarity. The electrospun mats expressed higher DPPH• radicals’ inhibition, while the solvent-cast films showed stronger Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth inhibition, increased by SE incorporation. All formulations showed rapid complete bio-disintegration in compost (18–25 days).
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•Sage extract (SE) was a source of phenolic compounds and phenolic acids.•SE was incorporated in a zein-gelatin blend by electrospinning and solvent casting.•The used techniques and SE incorporation featured the mats’ and films’ properties.•The mats and films had phenolics release, antioxidant and antibacterial abilities.•Complete bio-disintegration of the mats and films in compost arose in 18–25 days.
Kombucha is a nonalcoholic beverage traditionally made by fermenting black tea using a combination of yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) cultures. Ganoderma lucidum hot water extract (HWE) was ...used-to our knowledge for the first time-to prepare a novel, health-promoting kombucha product. During the 11-day fermentation, pH, total acidity, and the numbers of yeasts and AAB were monitored. It was found that sweetened G. lucidum HWE was a good medium for yeast and AAB growth. The desired acidity for the beverage was reached on the second day (3 g/L) of the fermentation process; the maximum established acidity was 22.8 ± 0.42 g/L. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the vacuum-dried beverage is a mixture of various compounds such as polysaccharides, phenols, proteins, and lipids. Total phenolic content of the liquid sample was 4.91 ± 0.2338 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, whereas the vacuum-dried sample had a smaller amount of phenolics (2.107 ± 0.228 mg gallic acid equivalents/g). Established half-maximal effective concentrations for DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power were 22.8 ± 0.17 and 10.61 ± 0.34 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial testing revealed that activity does not originate solely from synthesized acetic acid. The liquid G. lucidum beverage was the most effective against the tested bacteria, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.04 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Rhodococcus equi, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (0.16 mg/mL) against Bacillus spizizenii, B. cereus, and R. equi. The vacuum-dried sample was less effective, with the lowest minimum bactericidal concentration against the Gram-positive bacteria R. equi (1.875 mg/mL) and against the Gram-negative bacteria Proteus hauseri (30 mg/mL).
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