Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR) is an oral live attenuated vaccine first licensed in China in 2000. To date, > 60 million doses of LLR have been distributed to children. However, very little is ...known about faecal shedding of LLR in children. Therefore, faecal samples (n = 1,184) were collected from 114 children for 15 days post-vaccination in September-November 2011/2012. Faecal shedding and viral loads were determined by an enzyme immunoassay kit (EIA) and real-time RT-PCR. The complete genome was sequenced and the vaccine strain was isolated by culture in MA104 cells. Approximately 14.0% (16/114) of children had rotavirus-positive samples by EIA for at least 1 day post-vaccination. Viral loads in EIA-positive samples ranged from < 1.0 × 10
to 1.9 × 10
copies/g. Faecal shedding occurred as early as post-vaccination day 2 and as late as post-vaccination day 13 and peaked on post-vaccination day 5-10. One LLR strain was isolated by culture in MA104 cells. Sequence analysis showed 99% identity with LLR prototype strain. Faecal shedding of LLR in stool is common within 15 days of LLR vaccination, indicating vaccine strains can replicate in human enteric tissues.
Pretreatment is widely used in sludge dewatering, however, its potentially impact on the subsequent sludge agricultural applications is often neglected. Here, the potential benefits and risks of the ...sludge with no pretreatment and with four most commonly used pretreatment methods in sludge agricultural applications were assessed using potted lettuce, an experimental crop. The results show that sewage sludge pretreatment methods can greatly affect its agricultural applications. The application of different pretreatment methods can potentially reduce the harm caused by pathogens. At low dosage (0.2 g kg-1), different sludge fertilizers promoted an increase in crop yield of 14.6% to 49.1%, and the concentrations of heavy metals in the crop and soil were controlled within safe ranges. At high dosage (8 g kg-1), crop yield using pretreated sludge (except anaerobic digestion) decreased by between 32.7% and 57.5%, but heavy metal pollution of both crop and soil increased. In terms of promoting crop growth and reducing heavy metal accumulation, untreated sludge was better than pretreated sludges and sludge with physical pretreatments was better than that with chemical pretreatments. Overall, this study clearly shows that the introduction of pretreatment in sludge dewatering can inevitably impact its agricultural land application.
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•Sewage sludge pretreatment methods greatly affect its agricultural applications.•Untreated sludge was better than pretreated sludges in agricultural use.•Sludge with physical pretreatments was better than that with chemical pretreatments.•Sludge with Fenton pretreatment performed the worst in agricultural use.•Sludge treatment and its disposal should be evaluated as a whole.
Rotaviruses (RVs) are an important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. It has been found that RV may recognize the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as ligands or receptors and bind HBGAs ...in a type-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the binding specificity of VP8* proteins from human rotaviruses (RV) that are prevalent in China including genotypes P4, P6, and P8. Through the saliva- and oligosaccharide-based binding assays, we found that the VP8* proteins of P4 and P8 RV showed similar reactivity with the Leb and H type 1 antigens, while P6 RV weakly bound the Leb antigen. These findings may facilitate further research into RV host specificity and vaccine development.
Human Malawi polyomavirus (MWPyV) was discovered in 2012, but its prevalence and clinical characteristics are largely unknown.
We used real-time TaqMan-based PCR to detect MWPyV in the feces ...(n = 174) of children with diarrhea, nasopharyngeal aspirates (n = 887) from children with respiratory infections, and sera (n = 200) from healthy adults, and analyzed its clinical characteristics statistically. All the MWPyV-positive specimens were also screened for other common respiratory viruses.
Sixteen specimens were positive for MWPyV, including 13 (1.47%) respiratory samples and three (1.7%) fecal samples. The samples were all co-infected with other respiratory viruses, most commonly with influenza viruses (69.2%) and human coronaviruses (30.7%). The MWPyV-positive children were diagnosed with bronchopneumonia or viral diarrhea. They ranged in age from 12 days to 9 years, and the most frequent symptoms were cough and fever.
Real-time PCR is an effective tool for the detection of MWPyV in different types of samples. MWPyV infection mainly occurs in young children, and fecal-oral transmission is a possible route of its transmission.
Group H Rotavirus (RVH) is associated with human diarrhea gastroenteritis. The interferon (IFN) response induced by RVH remains unclear. In this study, we first studied the characteristic feature of ...RVH and found J19 strain of RVH grew less efficiently compared with the G6P1 strain of RVA. Next, we found that infection with the J19 virus resulted in the secretion of IFN-λ1, but not IFN-β, while both IFN-β and IFN-λ1 could inhibit J19 replication significantly in Caco-2 cells. NSP1 played an important role in the suppression of type I and type III IFN response, and NSP5 protein significantly inhibited activation of IFN-λ1. J19 NSP1 suppressed the induction of IFN-β obviously than G6P1 NSP1, while G6P1 NSP1 reduced IFN-λ1 induction to the greatest extent compared with G9P8, Wa, and J19 NSP1s. Our studies reveal the propagation feature of RVH and interferon induction and suppression by group H rotavirus.
•J19 strain of RVH grew less efficiently compared with G6P1 strain of RVA.•J19 Infection resulted in the secretion of IFN-λ1, but not IFN-β.•NSP1 played important role in the suppression of type I and type III IFN response.•J19 NSP1 suppressed the induction of IFN-β obviously than G6P1 NSP1.
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute children gastroenteritis. The rotavirus P 10 belongs to PI genogroup of group A rotaviruses that mainly infect animals, while the rotavirus P 10 was ...mainly identified from human infection. The rotavirus P 10 is an unusual genotype and the recognition pattern of cellular receptors remains unclear.
We expressed and purified the RV P 10 VP8* protein and investigated the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of the protein. A homology model of the P 10 VP8* core protein was built and the superimposition structural analysis of P 10 VP8* protein on P 19 VP8* in complex with mucin core 2 was performed to explore the possible docking structural basis of P 10 VP8* and mucin cores.
Our data showed that rotavirus P 10 VP8* protein bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva. The rotavirus P 10 could bind strongly to mucin core 2 and weakly to mucin core 4. The homology modeling indicated that RV P 10 VP8* binds to mucin core 2 using a potential glycan binding site that is the same to P 19 VP8* belonging to PII genogroup.
Our results suggested an interaction of rotavirus P 10 VP8* protein with mucin core 2 and mucin core 4. These findings offer potential for elucidating the mechanism of RV A host specificity, evolution and epidemiology.
Porcine astrovirus are divided into five genotypes. In this study, we identified two porcine astroviruses (AstV-LL-1 and AstV-LL-2) by using sequence-independent single-primer amplification (SISPA) ...on faecal specimens of healthy domestic piglets younger than 15 days. The detection rate for both was 2.82 % (14/497). AstV-LLs were then sequenced and characterised. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they have the characteristics of porcine astrovirus (PastV) 2 and 5 and have some unique genetic features. Our findings show that the two astroviruses are novel lineages of PAstV2 and 5. The findings may be helpful in evaluating the ecology and evolution of astroviruses in pigs.
Objectives
Cognitive impairment is common and linked to poor outcomes in patients with late-onset depression (LOD). The cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for ...LOD are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on cognitive function in elderly patients with LOD.
Methods
In total, 58 elderly patients (aged 60 to 75 years) with depression were enrolled and randomly assigned to an active rTMS group or a sham group. The participants received active or sham rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, at a frequency of 10 Hz rTMS and 120% of the motor threshold (MT). Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) at baseline, the end of the 4 week treatment period, and at the 4 week follow-up.
Results
The active rTMS group showed significant improvements in immediate memory and attention scores on the RBANS compared to the sham group. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in other cognitive domains assessed by the RBANS. No serious adverse events related to rTMS treatment were observed.
Conclusion
Treatment with 120% MT rTMS was associated with improvement in cognitive defects related to the active phase of LOD. These findings suggest that rTMS could provide early improvements in cognitive function in clinical settings for elderly patients with LOD.
Clinical trial registration
:
https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=40698
, identifier ChiCTR1900024445.
Human noroviruses (huNoVs) recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host susceptibility factors. GII.13 and GII.21 huNoVs form a unique genetic lineage that emerged from mainstream GII NoVs ...via development of a new, nonconventional glycan binding site (GBS) that binds Le
antigen. This previous finding raised the question of whether the new GII.13/21 GBS really has such a narrow glycan binding spectrum. In this study, we provide solid phenotypic and structural evidence indicating that this new GBS recognizes a group of glycans with a common terminal β-galactose (β-Gal). First, we found that P domain proteins of GII.13/21 huNoVs circulating at different times bound three glycans sharing a common terminal β-Gal, including Lec, lactose, and mucin core 2. Second, we solved the crystal structures of the GII.13 P dimers in complex with Lec and mucin core 2, which showed that β-Gal is the major binding saccharide. Third, nonfat milk and lactose blocked the GII.13/21 P domain-glycan binding, which may explain the low prevalence of GII.13/21 viruses. Our data provide new insight into the host interactions and epidemiology of huNoVs, which would help in the control and prevention of NoV-associated diseases.
Evidence from both phenotypic binding assay and structural study support the observed interactions of human noroviruses (huNoVs) with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or attachment factors, affecting their host susceptibility. GII.13 and GII.21 genotypes form a unique genetic lineage that differs from the mainstream GII huNoVs in their unconventional glycan binding site. Unlike the previous findings that GII.13/21 genotypes recognize only Le
antigen, we found in this study that they can interact with a group of glycans with a common terminal β-Gal, including Lec, lactose, and mucin core 2. However, this wide glycan binding spectrum in a unique binding mode of the GII.13/21 huNoVs appears not to increase their prevalence, probably due to the existence of decoy glycan receptors in human gastrointestinal tract limiting their infection. Our findings shed light on the host interaction and epidemiology of huNoVs, which would impact the strategy of huNoV control and prevention.
The accurate determination of waster sludge water content is crucial to sludge dewatering treatment and its disposal management. Though previous studies highlight the great advantages of low-field ...nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) in the determination of sludge water content, its accuracy and applicability are not well studied. Herein, this study investigated the settling of operating parameters and the properties of sludge samples on the accuracy and applicability of LF-NMR method in measuring sludge water content. The results showed that the setting of basic parameters such as standard curve, number of scanning times (NS) and sample weight affected the accuracy of sludge water content by LF-NMR. The standard calibration curve constructed by 3 g/L CuSO4, NS = 8 and the sample weight of about 5 g, were suitable for the accurate determination of sludge water content. Furthermore, the existence of magnetic substances in sludge can affect the distribution gradient of main magnetic field, and thus restricted the applicability of LF-NMR. The saturation magnetization of chemical reagents strongly correlated with the measured relative errors of sludge water content (r = 0.995, p < 0.01), the greater the saturation magnetization of the magnetic material, the greater the error of the test results. On the whole, it is necessary to fully consider the influence of process parameters and sludge properties to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of the LF-NMR method, rather than simply copying the parameters in literatures.
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•Accuracy/applicability of LF-NMR in sludge water content measurement were evaluated.•Reference solution, NS and sample weight affected the accuracy of LF-NMR results.•Magnetic substances within sludge affected the applicability of LF-NMR.•The greater the magnetization of reagent, the greater the error of the test results.
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