The intrinsic instability of organic electrolytes seriously impedes practical applications of high‐capacity metal (Li, Na) anodes. Ion–solvent complexes can even promote the decomposition of ...electrolytes on metal anodes. Herein, first‐principles calculations were performed to investigate the origin of the reduced reductive stability of ion–solvent complexes. Both ester and ether electrolyte solvents are selected to interact with Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The LUMO energy levels of ion–ester complexes exhibit a linear relationship with the binding energy, regulated by the ratio of carbon atomic orbital in the LUMO, while LUMOs of ion–ether complexes are composed by the metal atomic orbitals. This work shows why ion–solvent complexes can reduce the reductive stability of electrolytes, reveals different mechanisms for ester and ether electrolytes, and provides a theoretical understanding of the electrolyte–anode interfacial reactions and guidance to electrolyte and metal anode design.
The origin of reduced stability: The reason why ion–solvent complexes promote electrolyte decomposition on alkali/alkaline earth metal anodes is probed. The complexed cations can regulate the contribution ratio of carbon atomic orbitals in LUMOs of ion–ester complexes or totally change the atomic contribution in LUMOs of ion–ether complexes to reduce the energy level of the LUMO.
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) appeared in December 2019 and then spread throughout the world rapidly. The virus invades the target cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme ...(ACE) 2 and modulates the expression of ACE2 in host cells. ACE2, a pivotal component of the renin-angiotensin system, exerts its physiological functions by modulating the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). We reviewed the literature that reported the distribution and function of ACE2 in the female reproductive system, hoping to clarify the potential harm of 2019-nCoV to female fertility. The available evidence suggests that ACE2 is widely expressed in the ovary, uterus, vagina and placenta. Therefore, we believe that apart from droplets and contact transmission, the possibility of mother-to-child and sexual transmission also exists. Ang II, ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) regulate follicle development and ovulation, modulate luteal angiogenesis and degeneration, and also influence the regular changes in endometrial tissue and embryo development. Taking these functions into account, 2019-nCoV may disturb the female reproductive functions through regulating ACE2.
Although clinical studies have shown promise for targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) signaling in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the factors that predict which ...subtype patients will be responsive to checkpoint blockade are not fully understood.
We performed an integrated analysis on the multiple-dimensional data types including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinical data from cohorts of lung adenocarcinoma public (discovery set) and internal (validation set) database and immunotherapeutic patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to determine potentially relevant gene expression signatures between specific subgroups.
We observed that
mutation significantly increased expression of immune checkpoints and activated T-effector and interferon-γ signature. More importantly, the
comutated subgroup manifested exclusive increased expression of PD-L1 and a highest proportion of
Meanwhile,
or
-mutated tumors showed prominently increased mutation burden and specifically enriched in the transversion-high (TH) cohort. Further analysis focused on the potential molecular mechanism revealed that
or
mutation altered a group of genes involved in cell-cycle regulating, DNA replication and damage repair. Finally, immunotherapeutic analysis from public clinical trial and prospective observation in our center were further confirmed that
or
mutation patients, especially those with co-occurring
mutations, showed remarkable clinical benefit to PD-1 inhibitors.
This work provides evidence that
and
mutation in lung adenocarcinoma may be served as a pair of potential predictive factors in guiding anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.
.
Abstract
The Fast Radio Burst FRB121102 has been observed to repeat in an irregular fashion. Using published timing data of the observed bursts, we show that Poissonian statistics are not a good ...description of this random process. As an alternative, we suggest to describe the intervals between bursts with a Weibull distribution with a shape parameter smaller than one, which allows for the clustered nature of the bursts. We quantify the amount of clustering using the parameters of the Weibull distribution and discuss the consequences that it has for the detection probabilities of future observations and for the optimization of observing strategies. Allowing for this generalization, we find a mean repetition rate of $r=5.7^{+3.0}_{-2.0}$ per day and index $k=0.34^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$ for a correlation function ξ(t) = (t/t0)k − 1.
Compatibility between host cells and heterologous pathways is a challenge for constructing organisms with high productivity or gain of function. Designer yeast cells incorporating the Synthetic ...Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution (SCRaMbLE) system provide a platform for generating genotype diversity. Here we construct a genetic AND gate to enable precise control of the SCRaMbLE method to generate synthetic haploid and diploid yeast with desired phenotypes. The yield of carotenoids is increased to 1.5-fold by SCRaMbLEing haploid strains and we determine that the deletion of YEL013W is responsible for the increase. Based on the SCRaMbLEing in diploid strains, we develop a strategy called Multiplex SCRaMbLE Iterative Cycling (MuSIC) to increase the production of carotenoids up to 38.8-fold through 5 iterative cycles of SCRaMbLE. This strategy is potentially a powerful tool for increasing the production of bio-based chemicals and for mining deep knowledge.
In this work, we prepared quaternized carbon dots (CDs) with simultaneous antibacterial and bacterial differentiation capabilities using a simple carboxyl–amine reaction between lauryl betaine and ...amine-functionalized CDs. The obtained quaternized CDs have several fascinating properties/abilities: (1) A long fluorescence emission wavelength ensures the exceptional bacterial imaging capability, including the super-resolution imaging ability; (2) the polarity-sensitive fluorescence emission property leads to significantly enhanced fluorescence when the quaternized CDs interact with bacteria; (3) the presence of both hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains and positively charged quaternary ammonium groups makes the CDs selectively attach to Gram-positive bacteria, realizing the bacterial differentiation; (4) excellent antimicrobial activity is seen against Gram-positive bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, the quaternized CDs are highly stable in various aqueous solutions and exhibit negligible cytotoxicity, suggesting that they hold great promise for clinical applications. Compared to the traditional Gram staining method, the selective Gram-positive bacterial imaging achieved by the quaternized CDs provides a much simpler and faster method for bacterial differentiation. In summary, by combining selective Gram-positive bacterial recognition, super-resolution imaging, and exceptional antibacterial activity into a single system, the quaternized CDs represent a novel kind of metal-free nanoparticle-based antibiotics for antibacterial application and a new type of reagent for efficient bacterial differentiation.
Herein, water‐dispersible carbon nano‐onion clusters (CNOCs) with an average hydrodynamic size of ≈90 nm are prepared by simply sonicating candle soot in a mixture of oxidizing acid. The obtained ...CNOCs have high photothermal conversion efficiency (57.5%), excellent aqueous dispersibility (stable in water for more than a year without precipitation), and benign biocompatibility. After polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modification, the resultant CNOCs‐PEI‐PEG have a high photothermal conversion efficiency (56.5%), and can realize after‐wash photothermal cancer cell ablation due to their ultrahigh cellular uptake (21.3 pg/cell), which is highly beneficial for the selective ablation of cancer cells via light‐triggered intracellular heat generation. More interestingly, the cellular uptake of CNOCs‐PEI‐PEG is so high that the internalized nanoagents can be directly observed under a microscope without fluorescent labeling. Besides, in vivo experiments reveal that CNOCs‐PEI‐PEG can be used for photothermal/photoacoustic dual‐modal imaging‐guided photothermal therapy after intravenous administration. Furthermore, CNOCs‐PEI‐PEG can be efficiently cleared from the mouse body within a week, ensuring their excellent long‐term biosafety. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the first example of using candle soot as raw material to prepare water‐dispersible onion‐like carbon nanomaterials for cancer theranostics is represented herein.
Carbon nano‐onion clusters with high photothermal conversion efficiency, excellent aqueous dispersibility, and good biocompatibility are prepared by simply sonicating candle soot in a mixture of oxidizing acid. After surface modification with polyethylenimine and poly(ethylene glycol), the modified clusters can realize extremely high cellular uptake and achieve imaging‐guided photothermal ablation of tumor.
Black phosphorus (BP) has attracted great attentions in the last few years, but their applications in optoelectronics have been strongly hindered by the poor environmental stability, especially under ...light irradiation. Herein, the fabrication of surface passivated few‐layer BP assisted by polymer ionic liquids (PILs) is reported. The PIL‐modified 2D BP exhibits excellent stability under ambient conditions, with negligible deterioration in 100 d. Furthermore, the PILs attached on the BP surface provide reliable and flexible electrical contact between the few‐layer BP and other device components. As a proof of concept, PIL‐modified BP nanosheets are successfully applied in flexible photodetectors, which show high flexibility, good detectivity with no obvious performance deterioration in 120 h. This work demonstrates that the PIL modification can endow BP nanosheets with excellent environmental stability and good conductivity, so that may significantly expand the applications of BP in flexible optoelectronics.
An efficient strategy to fabricate polymer ionic liquid (PIL)‐passivated 2D BP is developed. The PIL‐modified 2D BP shows negligible structural deterioration in 100 d under ambient condition. Photodetectors based on PIL‐modified 2D BP exhibit good performance and excellent stability.
International Biological Flora: Ginkgo biloba Lin, Han‐Yang; Li, Wen‐Hao; Lin, Chen‐Feng ...
The Journal of ecology,
April 2022, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Letnik:
110, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are ...presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity.
Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II.
Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight.
Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.
摘要
本文系统总结了活化石树种银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)的生物学和生态学特性。根据本刊“国际生物学植物志”的标准框架，我们从以下十一个方面进行了全面描述:分布、生境、群落、生物响应、环境响应、结构与生理、物候、繁殖和种子特征、植食动物与疾病、进化历史、保护、全球异质性。
银杏具有突出的环境适应性和抗逆性。荟萃分析表明，银杏可适应变异范围极广的年均温(−3.3 至 23.3 °C)和年降水量(34至3925 mm)环境，但喜温暖、湿润、郁闭度低、排水状况良好的生境。银杏对干旱、霜冻、火、大气污染、重金属和低浓度的盐分具较强的耐受性，但不耐受长时间荫蔽和水淹。日本广岛市的六株银杏甚至经历第二次世界大战原子弹轰炸后仍存活至今。
银杏也具很强的抗病性。大树病害极少，在幼苗和幼树中仅发现茎腐病和叶枯病。茎腐病由菜豆壳球孢(Macrophomina phaseoli)引起，幼苗致死率为5%–12%(最高达31.8%)，4小时遮荫处理外加施用有机肥可有效减轻症状。叶枯病的病原菌包括链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和银杏盘多毛孢(Pestalotia ginkgo)。某些地区幼树的叶枯病发病率可达100%，但喷洒45%多菌灵或50%退菌特可有效预防叶枯病。
作为全世界最独特的树种之一，银杏在植物进化和人类社会中扮演着重要角色。这种高大落叶乔木雌雄异株，原产中国，共有三处冰期避难所，分别位于华东、西南和华南。避难所种群分布零散，且种群大小较小。在暖温带落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中，常分布于沟谷两侧。自公元六世纪以来，银杏不断被引种至中国之外的世界各地，作为一种景观树种，目前银杏被栽培于除南极洲外的其余六大洲。它还具有很高的食用、药用、宗教和艺术价值。银杏是中国的自然和文化符号之一。
The living fossil Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree with masses of golden fan‐shaped leaves in autumn. It grows world‐wide except in Antarctica and even survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The extreme longevity of over 1000 years results in part from its prominent tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses as well as from outstanding regeneration potential due to sprouts, suckers or air roots. Refugial and natural populations still persist along flood‐disturbed streamsides in subtropical China.
Synthetic biology based on bacteria has been displayed in antitumor therapy and shown good performance. In this study, an engineered bacterium Escherichia coli MG1655 is designed with NDH‐2 enzyme ...(respiratory chain enzyme II) overexpression (Ec‐pE), which can colonize in tumor regions and increase localized H2O2 generation. Following from this, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are covalently linked to bacteria to act as a catalyst for a Fenton‐like reaction, which converts H2O2 to toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for tumor therapy. In this constructed bioreactor, the Fenton‐like reaction occurs with sustainably synthesized H2O2 produced by engineered bacteria, and severe tumor apoptosis is induced via the produced toxic •OH. These results show that this bioreactor can achieve effective tumor colonization, and realize a self‐supplied therapeutic Fenton‐like reaction without additional H2O2 provision.
A Fenton‐like bioreactor based on bacteria is reported for tumor therapy without exogenous H2O2 provision. It is found that this bioreactor can achieve effective tumor colonization, and realize a self‐supplied therapeutic Fenton‐like reaction without additional H2O2 provision.
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