Abstract Background Hainan Island, located in the South China Sea and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula by Qiongzhou Strait, is the second largest island after Taiwan in China. With the expansion ...of Han Chinese and the gradual formation of “South Hlai and North Han”, nowadays, Hainan Hlai is the second largest population after Han Chinese in Hainan Island. Ha Hlai, distributed in southwest and southern Hainan Island, is the dominant branch of Hlai and speaks Ha localism. Methods We utilized the Huaxia ™ Platinum PCR Amplification System (including 23 autosomal STRs and 2 sex‐linked markers) to obtain the first STR profiling batch of 657 Ha Hlai individuals (497 males and 160 females). In order to explore the genetic relationships between the studied Ha Hlai and other reference populations with different language families, population genetic analyses, including PCA, MDS, STRUCTURE, and phylogenetic analysis, were conducted based upon the raw data and allelic frequencies of the polymorphic autosomal STR markers. Results In total, 271 distinct alleles were observed at the 23 STR loci. The number of diverse alleles ranged from 7 at TPOX locus to 23 at FGA locus, and the allelic frequencies varied from 0.0008 to 0.5533. In addition, the CPE and CPD were 1‐7.39 × 10 −10 and 1‐3.13 × 10 −28 , respectively. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that Ha Hlai is a Tai‐Kadai language‐speaking and relatively isolated population which has a close genetic and geographical relationship with Hainan Hlai, and M95 is the dominant haplogroup in Ha Hlai (56.18%). Conclusion The 23 autosomal STR genetic markers were highly polymorphic as well as potentially useful for forensic applications in Hainan Ha Hlai population. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that small geographic scale gene flows could not be ignored and the shaping of the unique gene pool for each population was the combination effects of geographic, language, and cultural isolations.
The magnetotail configuration includes a northern tail lobe, a southern tail lobe, and a plasma sheet when IMF directs southward, as a result of the Dungey cycle. However, it is little known about ...the magnetotail configuration for northward IMF (NIMF) conditions. Using in situ data and corresponding simulations, we show that the magnetotail forms into a dawnside tail lobe and a duskside tail lobe under NIMF with significant By conditions. The data shows signatures related to magnetotail reconnection under such conditions. Cusp reconnection and such magnetotail reconnection may form a dawn‐dusk tail lobe configuration and its version of Dungey cycle. Simulation results also show that aurora transpolar arc may be caused by a process of reconfiguration of the dawn‐dusk tail lobe structure as a result of an IMF By reversal.
Plain Language Summary
It is well known that the Earth's magnetic tail (magnetotail) is formed by a northern tail lobe, a southern tail lobe, and a plasma sheet between the lobes when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) embedded with the solar wind hitting the Earth directs southward. However, it is not clear how the magnetotail configuration looks like for northward IMF (NIMF) conditions. Some space environment phenomena cannot be well explained by the north‐south tail lobe structure and its evolution cycle. Using space in situ data and the corresponding numerical simulations, here we show that the magnetotail forms into a dawnside tail lobe and a duskside tail lobe under long period of NIMF conditions with significant By component, instead of the north‐south tail lobes. The data shows signatures related to magnetic reconnection occurring in the magnetotail, which is generally believed to be not likely during NIMF conditions. Simulation results show that such dawn‐dusk tail lobe configuration and the involved magnetic reconnection processes during its formation will generate an alternative version of evolution cycle. Simulation results also show that aurora transpolar arc may be caused by a process of reconfiguration of the dawn‐dusk tail lobe structure as a result of an IMF By reversal.
Key Points
The magnetotail may form into a dawnside tail lobe and a duskside tail lobe after a period of northward IMF conditions with significant By
Cusp reconnection and magnetotail reconnection between dawn‐dusk tail lobes may form an alternative Dungey cycle
An aurora transpolar arc may be caused by the reconfiguration of a dawn‐dusk tail lobe structure after IMF By reversal
To assess if historical redlining, the US government's 1930s racially discriminatory grading of neighborhoods' mortgage credit-worthiness, implemented via the federally sponsored Home Owners' Loan ...Corporation (HOLC) color-coded maps, is associated with contemporary risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation).
We analyzed 2013-2017 birth certificate data for all singleton births in New York City (n = 528 096) linked by maternal residence at time of birth to (1) HOLC grade and (2) current census tract social characteristics.
The proportion of preterm births ranged from 5.0% in grade A ("best"-green) to 7.3% in grade D ("hazardous"-red). The odds ratio for HOLC grade D versus A equaled 1.6 and remained significant (1.2;
< .05) in multilevel models adjusted for maternal sociodemographic characteristics and current census tract poverty, but was 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 0.92, 1.20) after adjustment for current census tract racialized economic segregation.
Historical redlining may be a structural determinant of present-day risk of preterm birth.
Policies for fair housing, economic development, and health equity should consider historical redlining's impacts on present-day residential segregation and health outcomes.
The development of natural/artificial fractures leads to significant differences of the physical properties between the matrix and the fractures, which usually causes serious channeling and low sweep ...efficiency during CO2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs, the use of a CO2-responsive smart mobility control system to generate bulk gel by wormlike micelles (WLMs) to mitigate gas channeling has great potentials for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. In this study, five kinds of chemicals with CO2-sensitive groups are screened to measure the apparent viscosity using a rheometer. The experimental results show that the optimum system consists of 4.4 wt% N, N-dimethyl octylamide-propyl tertiary amine (DOAPA) and 2.0 wt% sodium p-toluenesulfonate (SPTS). Subsequently, the plugging capacity and EOR performance of the system are systematically evaluated using core flooding experiments. The optimized system (DOAPA/SPTS) exhibits outstanding plugging capacity for gas channeling with a plugging efficiency of 99.2%. The oil recovery of the CO2 flooding increases by 20.0%. In addition, the thickening mechanism of the CO2-responsive system is studied using rheological experiments and a cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). The shear-thinning behavior demonstrates that the thickening effect of the high-viscosity WLMs is strong in the DOAPA/SPTS-CO2 solution, and the Cryo-TEM results indicate a transition from spherical micelles to the WLMs. The protonation contributes to the formation of the WLMs in the solution during phase transformation process. The results of this study are expected to provide benchmark to select the mobility control agent for CO2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.
Increased riverine nitrogen (N) concentrations due to human activities is one of the leading causes of water quality decline, worldwide. Therefore, quantitative information about the N exported from ...watershed to the river (TN exports) is essential for defining N pollution control practices. This paper evaluated the changes in net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI) and the N stored in land ecosystems (legacy N) in the Jianghan Plain (JHP) from 1990 to 2019 and their impacts on TN exports. Moreover, an empirical model was developed to estimate TN exports, trace its source, and predict its future variations in 2020–2035 under different scenarios. According to the results, NANI exhibited a rise-decrease-rise-decrease M-shaped trend, with N fertilizer application being the dominant driver for NANI change. In terms of the NANI components, non-point-source was the primary N input form (96%). Noteworthy is that the correlation between NANI and TN exports became weaker over time, and large differences in changing trends were observed after 2014. A likely cause for this abnormal trend was that the accumulation of N surplus in soil led to N saturation in agricultural areas. Legacy N was also an important source of TN exports. However, the contribution of legacy N has rarely been considered when defining N pollution control strategies. An empirical model, incorporating legacy N, agricultural irrigation water use, and cropland area ratio, was developed. Based on this model, legacy N contributed a large proportion (15–31%). Furthermore, the results of future predictions indicated that legacy N had a larger impact on future TN exports changes compared to other factors, and increased irrigation water would increase rather than decrease TN exports. Therefore, an integrated N management strategy considering the impact of NANI, legacy N, and irrigation water use is crucial to control N pollution in areas with intensive agriculture.
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•N fertilizer and other non-point-source inputs accounted for 96% of total N inputs.•Legacy N led to the saturation of N stored in agricultural lands.•Legacy N was a large fraction of TN exported (24%).•Future trend for TN export from 2020 to 2035 was mostly affected by legacy N.•Increased irrigation could increase rather than decrease the amount of N exported.
•Highly porous fibrous ceramic membrane (CMs) was prepared.•The porous CMs were functionalized as a monolithic catalyst.•The monolithic catalysts exhibited high benzene conversion and high ...stability.•The benzene catalytic oxidation mechanism of monolithic catalysts was proposed.
Herein, a series of monolithic Mn/Ce-based catalyst of ceramic membranes (CMs) were prepared through impregnation method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal. The porous fibrous CMs with a sinter-locked network structure were fabricated by molding method in a feasible sintering process. Then, the catalytic CMs were systematically analyzed by using specific analytical techniques. The results showed that the fibrous CMs possessed a unique interconnected and uniform pore structure, and MnOx-CeO2 active phases were homogenously dispersed into the porous CMs support. The catalytic activity of samples was measured by using benzene as target VOCs. The results revealed that all catalytic CMs were active for oxidation of benzene. Significantly, the catalytic performance was promoted by introducing Ce species into MnOx. Among all, MnOx-CeO2-3:1 catalyst exhibited the lowest 90% benzene conversion temperature (T90) at 244 °C and high stability with continuous benzene stream in the presence of 90 vol.% (20 °C) water vapor under a gaseous hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 5000 h−1, owing to the lower-temperature reducibility and the abundant active oxygen (OAds.) with synergetic effect of MnOx and CeO2. The results indicated a promising way to design a high efficiency dual functional CMs for the industrial application of removal VOCs while controlling particulate matters (PMs) from hot gases.
•Ag doping strategy is introduced into Cu3BiS3 film.•Ag incorporation can enlarge the grain size and improve the film compactness.•Ag doping can increase the light absorption, band gap and carrier ...concentration.•Proper amount of Ag doping leads to the enhancements of both VOC and JSC.•An efficiency improvement of ~85% was realized just through Ag doping.
Ternary compound semiconductor Cu3BiS3 has been perceived as a potential candidate of solar absorber materials in recent years, due to the low–toxic and earth–abundant component elements as well as excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the fundamental properties vital for Cu3BiS3 photovoltaic device have not been fully explored and the efficiency is still at an extremely low level. Herein, a cation doping strategy was introduced during preparing Cu3BiS3 absorber layers to optimize the material properties and thereby improve the device performances. Basing on a one-step solution method, the effects of Ag doping on the structural, optical, electrical and photovoltaic behaviors of Cu3BiS3 film were investigated in detail. Our results demonstrate that appropriate Ag doping can enlarge the grain size, improve the film compactness, enhance the light absorption, broaden the band gap and increase the carrier concentration of absorber layer. As a result, the photovoltaic performance is also evidently promoted, achieving a highest efficiency improvement of ~85% relative to the undoped Cu3BiS3 solar cell device. Higher Ag incorporation, however, causes phase separation and dramatically deteriorates the absorber properties.
Interfacial engineering is an effective method to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to find a material as interfacial layer with the dual ...function of defect-passivation and efficient charge-transfer. In this work, organophosphorus ligands, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), were used as passivators through antisolvent process for the interfacial modification. Significantly, the organophosphorus ligands can effectively passivate the defects of perovskite crystals through the formation of Pb–O bond between organophosphorus ligand and undercoordinated Pb2+ ion in perovskite. More interestingly, benzene rings with π electron in TPPO facilitate the charge transfer between perovskite and hole-transporting layer, achieving the best power conversion efficiency of 18.29% with negligible hysteresis, as well as excellent long-term stability with remaining nearly 85% of the initial efficiency after 2000 h storage under 50% humidity ambient air. In contrast, uncharged octyl alkanes in TOPO hinder the charge transfer and lead to the accumulation of charges at interface although it is a good passivator in light emitting devices for charge confinement. Our findings shed light on the importance of efficient transfer when defect-passivation is employed in solar cell.
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•Organophosphorus ligands were used as passivators through antisolvent process for the perovskite interfacial modification.•Organophosphorus ligands can effectively passivate the defects of perovskite crystals through the formation of Pb-O bond.•Benzene rings with π electron in triphenylphosphine oxide facilitate the charge transfer between perovskite and HTL.•The device with organophosphorus ligand modification yielded a highest PCE of 18.29% and excellent long-term stability.
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops for human beings, with seeds being the tissue of highly economic value. Various morphogenetic and metabolic processes are exclusively associated with ...seed maturation. The goal of this study was to screen and identify genes specifically expressed in the developing seed of wheat with an integrative utilization of digital differential display (DDD) and available online microarray databases.
A total of 201 unigenes were identified as the results of DDD screening and microarray database searching. The expressions of 6 of these were shown to be seed-specific by qRT-PCR analysis. Further GO enrichment analysis indicated that seed-specific genes were mainly associated with defense response, response to stress, multi-organism process, pathogenesis, extracellular region, nutrient reservoir activity, enzyme inhibitor activity, antioxidant activity and oxidoreductase activity. A comparison of this set of genes with the rice (Oryza sativa) genome was also performed and approximately three-fifths of them have rice counterparts. Between the counterparts, around 63% showed similar expression patterns according to the microarray data.
In conclusion, the DDD screening combined with microarray data analysis is an effective strategy for the identification of seed-specific expressed genes in wheat. These seed-specific genes screened during this study will provide valuable information for further studies about the functions of these genes in wheat.
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