Since students' academic success is tied to their academic motivation and engagement, determining the predictors of these two variables seems critical. So, several inquiries have inspected the role ...of students' emotional and personal variables in their academic motivation and engagement. Nonetheless, the function of L2 enjoyment as an important emotional factor has remained elusive. Moreover, no inquiry has reviewed this issue neither systematically nor theoretically. To fill these lacunas, this review study aims to explain definitions, dimensions, and theoretical frameworks of L2 enjoyment, student academic motivation, and student academic engagement. This study also intends to outline the positive consequences of L2 enjoyment for students' academic engagement and motivation. Relying on the theoretical and empirical evidence, the positive role of L2 enjoyment in raising EFL students' engagement and motivation was firmly affirmed. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the most common primary liver malignancy and the third leading cause of tumor-related mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, despite advances in HCC treatment, less ...than 40% of HCC patients are eligible for potentially curative therapies. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for cancer treatment. It has been proven therapeutically effective in many types of solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. As an inflammation-associated tumor, it's well-evidenced that the immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC can promote immune tolerance and evasion by various mechanisms. Triggering more vigorous HCC-specific immune response represents a novel strategy for its management. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations have revealed that various immunotherapies might extend current options for needed HCC treatment. In this review, we provide the recent progress on HCC immunology from both basic and clinical perspectives, and discuss potential advances and challenges of immunotherapy in HCC.
Hematite ( alpha -Fe2O3) is a promising candidate for solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion. However, the low carrier mobility and extremely high charge recombination rate limit the practical ...application of hematite in solar water splitting. This paper describes the fabrication of a Fe2O3 photoanode with gradient incorporation of phosphorus (P) employing a facile dipping and annealing method to improve the charge separation for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation. This gradient P incorporation increases the width of band bending over a large region in Fe2O3, which is crucial for promoting the charge separation efficiency in the bulk. Although both gradient and homogeneous P-incorporated Fe2O3 samples exhibit similar electrical conductivity, the Fe2O3 electrode with a gradient P concentration presents an additional charge separation effect. A photocurrent of similar to 1.48 mA cm-2 is obtained at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE) under air mass 1.5G illumination. Additionally, the H2O oxidation kinetics of Fe2O3 with gradient P incorporation was further improved upon loading cobalt phosphate as cocatalyst, reaching a photocurrent of similar to 2.0 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one relapsing and lifelong disease that affects millions of patients worldwide. Increasing evidence has recently highlighted immune-system dysfunction, especially ...toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune dysfunction, as central players in the pathogenesis of IBD. TLRs and TLR-activated signaling pathways are involved not only in the pathogenesis but also in the efficacy of treatment of IBD. By understanding these molecular mechanisms, we might develop a strategy for relieving the experience of long-lasting suffering of those patients and improving their quality of life. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the potential mechanisms of TLR signaling pathways in IBD and the novel potential therapeutic strategies against IBD.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant diseases worldwide. It is refractory to conventional treatments, and consequently has a documented 5-year survival rate as ...low as 7%. Increasing evidence indicates that activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), one of the stromal components in tumor microenvironment (TME), play a crucial part in the desmoplasia, carcinogenesis, aggressiveness, metastasis associated with PDAC. Despite the current understanding of PSCs as a "partner in crime" to PDAC, detailed regulatory roles of PSCs and related microenvironment remain obscure. In addition to multiple paracrine signaling pathways, recent research has confirmed that PSCs-mediated tumor microenvironment may influence behaviors of PDAC via diverse mechanisms, such as rewiring metabolic networks, suppressing immune responses. These new activities are closely linked with treatment and prognosis of PDAC. In this review, we discuss the recent advances regarding new functions of activated PSCs, including PSCs-cancer cells interaction, mechanisms involved in immunosuppressive regulation, and metabolic reprogramming. It's clear that these updated experimental or clinical studies of PSCs may provide a promising approach for PDAC treatment in the near future.
Abstract
The dryland is one of the most important land ecosystems on the planet, and its changes are closely bound up with one-third of the world’s population. Investigating dryland climate change ...during the Last Interglacial (LIG; ∼127 ka ago) can advance our knowledge of dryland climate behaviors in an orbitally-induced warmer-than-present scenario. Based on the multiple model outputs from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 4, we suggest that the dryland areas during the LIG are 37% wetter than that during the preindustrial period as measured by the aridity index (AI), and 37% of the preindustrial drylands correspondingly convert to wetter subtypes. Spatially, there are hemispheric differences with drylands wetting and contracting in the Northern Hemisphere but desiccating and expanding in the Southern Hemisphere. Further diagnosis indicates that the altered precipitation is the dominant contributor to more than 72% of the AI changes, and the precipitation change is mainly attributed to the orbitally-induced redistribution of incoming insolation and heat. The secondary factor is the relative humidity change, exaggerating the AI changes in the same direction as the precipitation does. The simulation agrees reasonably with reconstructions for most regions, except Australia and southern Africa. The simulated changes in dryland aridity and the mechanism differ from that in future warming scenarios, so we claim that the LIG as a potential analogue for a warmer future does not fully hold for the dryland climate.
Hematite suffers from poor charge transport and separation properties for solar water splitting. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a 3D Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 heterojunction photoanode with ...improved charge separation, via a facile hydrothermal method followed by atomic layer deposition and air annealing. A highly crystallized Fe2TiO5 phase forms with a distinct interface with the underlying Fe2O3 core, where a 4 nm Fe2TiO5 overlayer leads to the best photoelectrochemical performance. The favorable band offset between Fe2O3 and Fe2TiO5 establishes a type‐II heterojunction at the Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 interface, which drives electron–hole separation effectively. The Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 composite electrode exhibits a dramatically improved photocurrent of 1.63 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under simulated 1 sun illumination (100 mW cm−2), which is 3.5 times that of the bare Fe2O3 electrode. Decorating the Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 heterojunction photoanode with earth‐abundant FeNiOx cocatalyst further expedites surface reaction kinetics, leading to an onset potential of 0.8 V versus RHE with a photocurrent of 2.7 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V and 4.6 mA cm−2 at 1.6 V versus RHE. This sandwich photoanode shows an excellent stability for 5 h and achieves an overall Faradaic efficiency of 95% for O2 generation. This is the best performance ever reported for Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 photoanodes.
Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 nanorod (NR) photoanode is prepared by coating TiO2 thin film over hydrothermal FeOOH NRs through atomic layer deposition (ALD), followed by a post‐annealing process. The formed heterojunction at the surface greatly enhances the separation of photo‐carriers and consequently improves the photoelectrochemical water oxidation efficiency. This constitution demonstrates the advantages of ALD in surface modification and the importance of well‐organized heterojunction photoelectrode for water splitting.
Functional enrichment analysis is pivotal for interpreting high-throughput omics data in life science. It is crucial for this type of tool to use the latest annotation databases for as many organisms ...as possible. To meet these requirements, we present here an updated version of our popular Bioconductor package, clusterProfiler 4.0. This package has been enhanced considerably compared with its original version published 9 years ago. The new version provides a universal interface for functional enrichment analysis in thousands of organisms based on internally supported ontologies and pathways as well as annotation data provided by users or derived from online databases. It also extends the dplyr and ggplot2 packages to offer tidy interfaces for data operation and visualization. Other new features include gene set enrichment analysis and comparison of enrichment results from multiple gene lists. We anticipate that clusterProfiler 4.0 will be applied to a wide range of scenarios across diverse organisms.
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•clusterProfiler supports exploring functional characteristics of both coding and non-coding genomics data for thousands of species with up-to-date gene annotation•It provides a universal interface for gene functional annotation from a variety of sources and thus can be applied in diverse scenarios•It provides a tidy interface to access, manipulate, and visualize enrichment results to help users achieve efficient data interpretation•Datasets obtained from multiple treatments and time points can be analyzed and compared in a single run, easily revealing functional consensus and differences among distinct conditions
With the rapid development and expansion of wind power generation capacity in China, the risk of wind farm construction projects has been paid more and more attention. Based on the method of ...can-expandable element and multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the bidding risk of the wind farm construction project of Xintiandi Energy Company in Hebei Province. The research shows that the can-expander element method is more accurate in risk evaluation because there are no different evaluation principles, which can provide effective support for decision makers.
Atomically thin 2D layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively studied in recent years because of their appealing electrical and optical properties. Here, the fabrication of ...ReS2 field‐effect transistors is reported via the encapsulation of ReS2 nanosheets in a high‐κ Al2O3 dielectric environment. Low‐temperature transport measurements allow to observe a direct metal‐to‐insulator transition originating from strong electron–electron interactions. Remarkably, the photodetectors based on ReS2 exhibit gate‐tunable photoresponsivity up to 16.14 A W−1 and external quantum efficiency reaching 3168%, showing a competitive device performance to those reported in graphene, MoSe2, GaS, and GaSe‐based photodetectors. This study unambiguously distinguishes ReS2 as a new candidate for future applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Few‐layer ReS2 is successfully synthesized via chemical vapor deposition. Top‐gated FET devices, back‐gated four‐terminal devices, and photodetectors are built based on the as‐grown high‐quality materials. All of them show great device performance, which distinguishes ReS2 a great platform for future applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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