Objectives
The aim of the present review was to compare the outcomes, that is, survival and complication rates of zirconia‐ceramic and/or monolithic zirconia implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses ...(FDPs) with metal‐ceramic FDPs.
Materials and Methods
An electronic MEDLINE search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort studies and retrospective case series on implant‐supported FDPs with a mean follow‐up of at least 3 years. Patients had to have been examined clinically at the follow‐up visit. Assessment of the identified studies and data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using robust Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates of 5‐year proportions.
Results
The search provided 5,263 titles and 455 s. Full‐text analysis was performed for 240 articles resulting in 19 studies on implant FDPs that met the inclusion criteria. The studies reported on 932 metal‐ceramic and 175 zirconia‐ceramic FDPs. Meta‐analysis revealed an estimated 5‐year survival rate of 98.7% (95% CI: 96.8%–99.5%) for metal‐ceramic implant‐supported FDPs, and of 93.0% (95% CI: 90.6%–94.8%) for zirconia‐ceramic implant‐supported FDPs (p < 0.001). Thirteen studies including 781 metal‐ceramic implant‐supported FDPs estimated a 5‐year rate of ceramic fractures and chippings to be 11.6% compared with a significantly higher (p < 0.001) complication rate for zirconia implant‐supported FDPs of 50%, reported in a small study with 13 zirconia implant‐supported FDPs. Significantly (p = 0.001) more, that is, 4.1%, of the zirconia‐ceramic implant‐supported FDPs were lost due to ceramic fractures compared to only 0.2% of the metal‐ceramic implant‐supported FDPs. Detailed analysis of factors like number of units of the FDPs or location in the jaws was not possible due to heterogeneity of reporting. No studies on monolithic zirconia implant‐supported FDPs fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the present review. Furthermore, no conclusive results were found for the aesthetic outcomes of both FDP‐types.
Conclusion
For implant‐supported FDPs, conventionally veneered zirconia should not be considered as material selection of first priority, as pronounced risk for framework fractures and chipping of the zirconia veneering ceramic was observed. Monolithic zirconia may be an interesting alternative, but its clinical medium‐ to long‐term outcomes have not been evaluated yet. Hence, metal ceramics seems to stay the golden standard for implant‐supported multiple‐unit FDPs.
Exosomes are served as substitutes for stem cell therapy, playing important roles in mediating heart repair during myocardial infarction injury. Evidence have indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ...pre‐conditioning bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and their secreted exosomes promote macrophage polarization and tissue repair in several inflammation diseases; however, it has not been fully elucidated in myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to investigate whether LPS‐primed BMSC‐derived exosomes could mediate inflammation and myocardial injury via macrophage polarization after MI. Here, we found that exosomes derived from BMSCs, in both Exo and L‐Exo groups, increased M2 macrophage polarization and decreased M1 macrophage polarization under LPS stimulation, which strongly depressed LPS‐dependent NF‐κB signalling pathway and partly activated the AKT1/AKT2 signalling pathway. Compared with Exo, L‐Exo had superior therapeutic effects on polarizing M2 macrophage in vitro and attenuated the post‐infarction inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by mediating macrophage polarization in mice MI model. Consequently, we have confidence in the perspective that low concentration of LPS pre‐conditioning BMSC‐derived exosomes may develop into a promising cell‐free treatment strategy for clinical treatment of MI.
Objectives
The aim of the present systematic review was to analyze the survival and complication rates of zirconia‐based and metal‐ceramic implant‐supported single crowns (SCs).
Materials and Methods
...An electronic MEDLINE search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort and retrospective case series on implant‐supported SCs with a mean follow‐up time of at least 3 years. Patients had to have been clinically examined at the follow‐up visit. Assessment of the identified studies and data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using robust Poisson's regression models to obtain summary estimates of 5‐year proportions.
Results
The search provided 5,263 titles and 455 s, full‐text analysis was performed for 240 articles, resulting in 35 included studies on implant‐supported crowns. Meta‐analysis revealed an estimated 5‐year survival rate of 98.3% (95% CI: 96.8–99.1) for metal‐ceramic implant supported SCs (n = 4,363) compared to 97.6% (95% CI: 94.3–99.0) for zirconia implant supported SCs (n = 912). About 86.7% (95% CI: 80.7–91.0) of the metal‐ceramic SCs (n = 1,300) experienced no biological/technical complications over the entire observation period. The corresponding rate for zirconia SCs (n = 76) was 83.8% (95% CI: 61.6–93.8). The biologic outcomes of the two types of crowns were similar; yet, zirconia SCs exhibited less aesthetic complications than metal‐ceramics. The 5‐year incidence of chipping of the veneering ceramic was similar between the material groups (2.9% metal‐ceramic, 2.8% zirconia‐ceramic). Significantly (p = 0.001), more zirconia‐ceramic implant SCs failed due to material fractures (2.1% vs. 0.2% metal‐ceramic implant SCs). No studies on newer types of monolithic zirconia SCs fulfilled the simple inclusion criteria of 3 years follow‐up time and clinical examination of the present systematic review.
Conclusion
Zirconia‐ceramic implant‐supported SCs are a valid treatment alternative to metal‐ceramic SCs, with similar incidence of biological complications and less aesthetic problems. The amount of ceramic chipping was similar between the material groups; yet, significantly more zirconia crowns failed due to material fractures.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate posttranscriptional expression of target genes. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the miR-30 family, as a member of ...microRNAs, played a crucial regulating role in the development of tissues and organs and the pathogenesis of clinical diseases, which indicated that it may be a promising regulator in development and disease. This review aims to clarify the current progress on the regulating role of miR-30 family in tissues and organs development and related disease and highlight their research prospective in the future.
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•A t-SNARE domain-containing effector HsSNARE1 was identified from beet cyst nematode (BCN).•Protein structure modeling analysis found that three mutations (E141D, A143T and −148S) ...altered regional structure of HsSNARE1 from random coils to α-helixes.•Expression of HsSNARE1 significantly enhanced while expression of its highly homologous soybean cyst nematode (SCN) HgSNARE1 and its mutant HsSNARE1-M1, both of which carry those above-mentioned three mutations, remarkably suppressed BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis.•HsSNARE1 promotes cyst nematode disease by interaction with both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 via its t-SNARE domain and N-terminal uncharacterized fragment, respectively, and significant suppression of both AtSHMT4 and AtPR1.•This work pinpoints a new molecular mode of action of the t-SNARE-domain containing cyst nematode effectors.
Plant parasitic cyst nematodes secrete a number of effectors into hosts to initiate formation of syncytia and infection causing huge yield losses.
The identified cyst nematode effectors are still limited, and the cyst nematode effectors-involved interaction mechanisms between cyst nematodes and plants remain largely unknown.
The t-SNARE domain-containing effector in beet cyst nematode (BCN) was identified by In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses. The mutant of effector gene was designed by protein structure modeling analysis. The functions of effector gene and its mutant were analyzed by genetic transformation in Arabidopsis and infection by BCN. The protein–protein interaction was analyzed by yeast two hybrid, BiFC and pulldown assays. Gene expression was assayed by quantitative real-time PCR.
A t-SNARE domain-containing BCN HsSNARE1 was identified as an effector, and its mutant HsSNARE1-M1 carrying three mutations (E141D, A143T and −148S) that altered regional structure from random coils to α-helixes was designed and constructed. Transgenic analyses indicated that expression of HsSNARE1 significantly enhanced while expression of HsSNARE1-M1 and highly homologous HgSNARE1 remarkably suppressed BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis. HsSNARE1 interacted with AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 via its t-SNARE domain and N-terminal, respectively, while HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 could not interact with AtPR1 but bound AtSNAP2. AtSNAP2, AtSHMT4 and AtPR1 interacted pairwise, but neither HsSNARE1 nor HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 could interact with AtSHMT4. Expression of HsSNARE1 significantly suppressed while expression of HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 considerably induced both AtSHMT4 and AtPR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis infected with BCN. Overexpression of AtPR1 significantly suppressed BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis.
This work identified a t-SNARE-domain containing cyst nematode effector HsSNARE1 and deciphered a molecular mode of action of the t-SNARE-domain containing cyst nematode effectors that HsSNARE1 promotes cyst nematode disease by interaction with both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 and significant suppression of both AtSHMT4 and AtPR1, which is mediated by three structure change-causing amino acid residues.
Allopurinol (ALP) attenuates oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the mechanism is unclear. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) following the ...disassociation with its repressor Keap1 under oxidative stress can maintain inner redox homeostasis and attenuate DCM with concomitant attenuation of autophagy. We postulated that ALP treatment may activate Nrf2 to mitigate autophagy over‐activation and consequently attenuate DCM. Streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic rats were untreated or treated with ALP (100 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and terminated after heart function measurements by echocardiography and pressure‐volume conductance system. Cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells infected with Nrf2 siRNA or not were incubated with high glucose (HG, 25 mmol/L) concomitantly with ALP treatment. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured with colorimetric enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. ROS, apoptosis, was assessed by dihydroethidium staining and TUNEL, respectively. The Western blot and qRT‐PCR were used to assess protein and mRNA variations. Diabetic rats showed significant reductions in heart rate (HR), left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF), stroke work (SW) and cardiac output (CO), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVVs) as compared to non‐diabetic control and ALP improved or normalized HR, LVEF, SW, CO and LVVs in diabetic rats (all P < .05). Hearts of diabetic rats displayed excessive oxidative stress manifested as increased levels of 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide anion production, increased apoptotic cell death and cardiomyocytes autophagy that were concomitant with reduced expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and Keap1. ALP reverted all the above‐mentioned diabetes‐induced biochemical changes except that it did not affect the levels of Keap1. In vitro, ALP increased Nrf2 and reduced the hyperglycaemia‐induced increases of H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, and enhanced cellular viability. Nrf2 gene silence cancelled these protective effects of ALP in H9C2 cells. Activation of Nrf2 subsequent to the suppression of Keap1 and the mitigation of autophagy over‐activation may represent major mechanisms whereby ALP attenuates DCM.
Pyrolysis experiments of blue-green algae blooms (BGAB) were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature, particle size and sweep gas flow rate on pyrolysis ...product yields and bio-oil properties. The pyrolysis temperature, particle size and sweep gas flow rate were varied in the ranges of 300–700 °C, below 0.25–2.5 mm and 50–400 mL min−1, respectively. The maximum oil yield of 54.97% was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, particle size below 0.25 mm and sweep gas flow rate of 100 mL min−1. The elemental analysis and calorific value of the oil were determined, and the chemical composition of the oil was investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) technique. The analysis of bio-oil composition showed that bio-oil from BGAB could be a potential source of renewable fuel with a heating value of 31.9 MJ kg−1.
► Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of blue-green algae blooms in fixed bed reactor. ► Effects of pyrolysis conditions on product distribution were investigated. ► The maximum bio-oil yield reached 54.97 wt %. ► The bio-oil has high heating value and may be suitable as renewable fuel. ► Pyrolysis of algal biomass beneficial for energy recovery, eutrophication control.
Brain cancer is the most aggressive one among various cancers. It has a drastic impact on people's lives because of the failure in treatment efficacy of the currently employed strategies. Various ...strategies used to relieve pain in brain cancer patients and to prolong survival time include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Nevertheless, several inevitable limitations are accompanied by such treatments due to unsatisfactory curative effects. Generally, the treatment of cancers is very challenging due to many reasons including drugs' intrinsic factors and physiological barriers. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are the two additional hurdles in the way of therapeutic agents to brain tumors delivery. Combinatorial and targeted therapies specifically in cancer show a very promising role where nanocarriers' based formulations are designed primarily to achieve tumor-specific drug release. A dual-targeting strategy is a versatile way of chemotherapeutics delivery to brain tumors that gets the aid of combined ligands and mediators that cross the BBB and reaches the target site efficiently. In contrast to single targeting where one receptor or mediator is targeted, the dual-targeting strategy is expected to produce a multiple-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy for cancer therapy, especially in brain tumors. In a nutshell, a dual-targeting strategy for brain tumors enhances the delivery efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents via penetration across the blood-brain barrier and enhances the targeting of tumor cells. This review article highlights the ongoing status of the brain tumor therapy enhanced by nanoparticle based delivery with the aid of dual-targeting strategies. The future perspectives in this regard have also been highlighted.
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