The main difference between rough set theory and some methods of uncertainty theory, such as probabilistic data mining, fuzzy set theory, and evidence-based data mining, is that they do not require ...any prior knowledge beyond the data set being processed. This is also its advantage. At present, rough set theory has been well applied in artificial intelligence, knowledge discovery, pattern recognition, fault detection, and so on. According to the discovery model of classification knowledge, the attribute reduction of decision table, classification rule reduction, and classification algorithm under the condition of missing attribute are discussed. It tests the effectiveness of the knowledge recognition algorithm. The effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this article reaches 87.6%, 84.4%, 94.97%, and 96.34%.
Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent episodes of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, ocular lesions, and ...other manifestations. Although the pathogenesis of BD is unclear, some studies have shown that immunological aberrations play an important role in the development and progression of BD. Infection-related trigger factors, including antigens and autoantigens, are believed to mediate the development of BD in patients with a genetic predisposition and subsequently activate the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines to combat the infection-related factors. The study of the immunological mechanism of BD paves the way for the development of innovative therapies. Recently, novel biotherapy approaches, including interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists, and other agents that target interleukins and their receptors, have shown promising results in the treatment of patients with refractory BD and have improved the prognosis of BD. In this review, we provide the current concepts of BD immunopathogenesis.
Fractures significantly alter the permeability characteristics of the natural porous media, especially for the multilayered porous medium system. The most direct and effective approach to assess the ...hydraulic conductivity of a multilayered porous medium with continuous fracture is to determine its equivalent permeability coefficient (EPC). A mathematical model with second‐order accuracy is established to analysis the permeability characteristics of the multilayered porous medium incorporating a continuous fracture. The Navier‒Stokes equation is used to govern the clear fluid motion in the continuous fracture, and the seepage fluid motion in the multilayered porous matrix is governed by the Brinkman‒Darcy equation. The semi‐analytical solutions for the velocity profile and EPC of the present model are derived under the conditions of the jumping stress at the fracture‐matrix interface and the continuous velocity at the matrix(i)‐matrix(i +1) interface. The Lattice Boltzmann method, finite element method, and one domain method simulations are conducted to verify the deduced semi‐analytical solutions of the velocity profile. Furthermore, the calculated EPC of the present multilayered model is in good agreement with that of the existing classic models (i.e., one region: fracture, two regions: fracture‐matrix, three regions: fracture‐matrix1‐matrix2, and multilayered porous medium without fracture). Parameter sensitivity reveals that increasing the thickness, dip angle, and porosity of the fractured porous media increases the flow velocity, while an increase in the stress jump coefficient can result in the opposite effect. This implies that porous layers containing fracture are more susceptible to erosion, particularly under conditions of steep dip angle and strong permeability.
Plain Language Summary
Fractures in porous mediums change how fluids flow through them, especially in multilayered porous materials. To accurately evaluate fluid flow within these complex systems, we developed a mathematical model with high accuracy. This model employs both the Navier‒Stokes equations and the Brinkman‒Darcy equation to elucidate the fluid flow in fractures and porous matrices. Consequent to this modeling, solutions for fluid velocity and equivalent permeability coefficient (EPC) of the fractured multilayered porous media were derived. Simulations verified the derived solutions. Compared with existing models, the calculated EPC values matched well. Sensitivity analysis revealed that wider fractures, steeper angles, and higher porosity increased fluid flow, while higher stress jump coefficients reduced it. The approaches in this study will be of significant importance for CO2 geological storage, groundwater contaminant transport, and hydrocarbon extraction.
Key Points
The permeability characteristics of fractured porous medium can be assessed by the equivalent permeability coefficient
The coupling of fluid flow between the fracture and matrix is achieved under stress jumping boundary condition
The existing models including fracture, fracture‐matrix, and multilayered porous medium are special cases of the present model
•Four latest satellite–gauge QPEs and their hydrologic applications are evaluated.•Gauge adjustment procedures and the gauge density greatly affect the QPE quality.•The error characteristics of ...rainfall are propagated into hydrologic simulations.•CMORPH CMA can serve as an alternative high quality QPE in China.
Satellite–gauge quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) products may reduce the errors in near real-time satellite precipitation estimates by combining rain gauge data, which provides great potential to hydrometeorological applications. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate four of the latest satellite–gauge QPEs, including NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V7 product, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) MORPHing technique (CMORPH) bias-corrected product (CMORPH CRT), CMORPH satellite–gauge merged product (CMORPH BLD) and CMORPH satellite–gauge merged product developed at the National Meteorological Information Center (NMIC) of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) (CMORPH CMA). These four satellite–gauge QPEs are statistically evaluated over the Huaihe River basin during 2003–2012 and applied into the distributed Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to assess hydrologic utilities.
Compared to the China Gauge-based Daily Precipitation Analysis (CGDPA) newly developed at CMA/NMIC, the four satellite–gauge QPEs generally depict the spatial distribution well, with the underestimation in the southern mountains and overestimation in the northern plain of the Huaihe River basin. Specifically, both TRMM and CMORPH CRT adopt simple gauge adjustment algorithms and exhibit relatively poor performance, with evidently deteriorated quality in winter. In contrast, the probability density function-optimal interpolation (PDF-OI) gauge adjustment procedure has been applied in CMORPH BLD and CMORPH CMA, resulting in higher quality and more stable performance. CMORPH CMA further benefits from a merged dense gauge observation network and outperforms the other QPEs with significant improvements in rainfall amount and spatial/temporal distributions. Due to the insufficient gauge observations in the merging process, CMORPH BLD features the similar error characteristics of CMORPH CRT with a positive bias of light precipitation and a negative bias of heavy precipitation, in contrast to the overall large overestimation by TRMM. The quality of QPEs directly impacts streamflow simulations, as the precipitation biases are propagated into simulated streamflow through interaction with hydrologic processes. The general streamflow pattern is well captured at multiple time scales by the simulations using the four satellite–gauge QPEs as the input forcing. CMORPH CRT shows the worst simulations in both long-term streamflow and extreme flood events, while CMORPH CMA forced streamflow simulations even outperform that forced by CGDPA. CMORPH CMA is able to reproduce the July 2003 flood event, while the other three QPEs fail to generate such extreme flood. Overall, CMORPH CMA shows great potential to improve the precipitation distribution and hydrometeorological simulations, and can serve as an alternative high quality QPE in China.
Biofilms are microbial aggregation membranes that are formed when microorganisms attach to the surfaces of living or nonliving things. Importantly, biofilm properties provide microorganisms with ...protection against environmental pressures and enhance their resistance to antimicrobial agents, contributing to microbial persistence and toxicity. Thus, bacterial biofilm formation is part of the bacterial survival mechanism. However, if foodborne pathogens form biofilms, the risk of foodborne disease infections can be greatly exacerbated, which can cause major public health risks and lead to adverse economic consequences. Therefore, research on biofilms and their removal strategies are very important in the food industry. Food waste due to spoilage within the food industry remains a global challenge to environmental sustainability and the security of food supplies. This review describes bacterial biofilm formation, elaborates on the problem associated with biofilms in the food industry, enumerates several kinds of common foodborne pathogens in biofilms, summarizes the current strategies used to eliminate or control harmful bacterial biofilm formation, introduces the current and emerging control strategies, and emphasizes future development prospects with respect to bacterial biofilms.
Currently, the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains dismal; hence, it is critical to identify effective anti-NSCLC agents with limited side effects. This study aimed ...to evaluate the therapeutic potential of flavonoid compound vitexin in human NSCLC cells and the underlying mechanisms.
The experimental results indicated that vitexin reduced the viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner with nearly no toxicity against normal human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells. Vitexin also dose-dependently increased A549 cell apoptosis, accompanied by the decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the increased expression of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, the in vivo anticancer activity of vitexin was further determined in nude mice bearing A549 cells. In addition, vitexin induced the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Vitexin also significantly reduced the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR, and the pro-apoptotic effect of vitexin on A549 cells was partly blocked by SC79, an Akt activator.
Accordingly, we believed that vitexin could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC in the future.
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•Metals in topsoil originated from atmospheric depositions were higher in bioavailable fractions.•Atmospheric deposition was a key source of metals bioaccumulation in pakchoi.•Foliar ...uptake from atmospheric deposition was an important pathway of metals in pakchoi.•Health risk of pakchoi consumption may occur due to atmospheric deposition.
The objective of this study was to investigate the bioavailability of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition on the soil-pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) system near a smelter. Soil reciprocal translocation experiment was conducted with seven groups of pot culture (filled with soils of gradient levels of heavy metals) in three sites of gradient atmospheric heavy metal depositions. Results showed that the newly deposited heavy metals (Cu and Cd) were preferential retention in topsoil (0–4 cm) and presented as higher bioavailable fractions compared to those in original soils. Atmospheric depositions contributed to 20–85% of shoot Cu and Cd in high deposition site, which were likely resulted not only from the direct transfer of contaminants from atmosphere to foliar but also from the atmosphere-soil-root transfer. However, the 52–62% of Pb in shoot from atmospheric depositions was mainly resulted from foliar direct uptake. The increasing atmospheric heavy metal depositions significantly decreased the photosynthetic parameters of pakchoi. Additionally, the potential health risks associated with the consumption of pakchoi were elevated in high deposition site and the bioaccessibility values were observed up to 56–81%. This study will provide useful reference information for the newly deposited heavy metal dynamics in the surface environment.
Using goaf as water storage space plays an important role in the ecological environment and economic development of arid mining areas, while water content affects the rock strength and the stability ...of coal pillars in underground water reservoirs by changing crack propagation. In this work, variable-angle shear tests (compression-shear tests) were conducted for coal samples with moisture contents of 0%, 7.10%, 15.68%, 22.90%, and 23.09% to develop new insights into the mechanisms of crack propagation and strength weakening, combined with acoustic emission (AE) technique and infrared thermal imaging technique. The results show that the main cracks in dry coal samples exist along the shear surface, while the fracture surface in the saturated samples deviates from the shear surface and many irregular shear cracks form. The shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of coal samples decrease linearly or exponentially with water content. Given this result, we discuss the Mohr-Coulomb criterion for coal samples based on water content. Increasing the water content weakens the effect of increased heating at the center of the coal samples, and especially the saturated coal samples emitted less infrared radiation than the loading device in the destructive phase. The average infrared radiation temperature (AIRT), AE energy rate and shear stress distribution are all correlated, which reflect the characteristics of the destructive process within water-containing samples. After the formation of macro-fractures, the increased contact area of fracture surfaces with the air causes heat to suddenly reduce. These results indicate the failure mechanism involving the destabilized deformation of coal samples under compression shear, which gives a useful reference for designing waterproof coal pillars and underground reservoir dams.
•Nondestructive immersion device is used to humidify samples.•Mohr–Coulomb criterion for coal samples based on water content.•Water causes fracture surface to deviate from the shear surface.•Combine mechanical test, acoustic emission and infrared thermal imaging technique.•Saturated samples emit less infrared radiation than the device in destructive phase.
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