Receptor-targeting peptides have been extensively pursued for improving binding specificity and effective accumulation of drugs at the site of interest, and have remained challenging for extensive ...research efforts relating to chemotherapy in cancer treatments. By chemically linking a ligand of interest to drug-loaded nanocarriers, active targeting systems could be constructed. Peptide-functionalized nanostructures have been extensively pursued for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biological imaging, liquid biopsy, and targeted therapies, and widely recognized as candidates of novel therapeutics due to their high specificity, well biocompatibility, and easy availability. We will endeavor to review a variety of strategies that have been demonstrated for improving receptor-specificity of the drug-loaded nanoscale structures using peptide ligands targeting tumor-related receptors. The effort could illustrate that the synergism of nano-sized structures with receptor-targeting peptides could lead to enrichment of biofunctions of nanostructures.
Multifunctional nanoplatforms for imaging‐guided synergistic antitumor treatment are highly desirable in biomedical applications. However, anticancer treatment is largely affected by the pre‐existing ...hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), which not only causes the resistance of the tumors to photodynamic therapy (PDT), but also promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Here, a continuous O2 self‐enriched nanoplatform is constructed for multimodal imaging‐guided synergistic phototherapy based on octahedral gold nanoshells (GNSs), which are constructed by a more facile and straightforward one‐step method using platinum (Pt) nanozyme‐decorated metal–organic frameworks (MOF) as the inner template. The Pt‐decorated MOF@GNSs (PtMGs) are further functionalized with human serum albumin‐chelated gadolinium (HSA‐Gd, HGd) and loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) (ICG‐PtMGs@HGd) to achieve a synergistic PDT/PTT effect and fluorescence (FL)/multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT)/X‐ray computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The Pt‐decorated nanoplatform endows remarkable catalase‐like behavior and facilitates the continuous decomposition of the endogenous H2O2 into O2 to enhance the PDT effect under hypoxic TME. HSA modification enhances the biocompatibility and tumor‐targeting ability of the nanocomposites. This TME‐responsive and O2 self‐supplement nanoparticle holds great potential as a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for the multimodal imaging‐guided synergistic phototherapy of solid tumors.
In this research, a tumor environment (TEM)‐responsive and continuous O2 self‐enriched drug delivery platform based on octahedral gold nanoshells (GNSs) using Pt‐decorated metal–organic frameworks (MOF) as inner template is constructed. The obtained nanostructures are further functionalized with human serum albumin‐gadolinium hybrid (HSA‐Gd, HGd) and loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) (ICG‐PtMGs@HGd) to achieve a multimodal imaging guided enhanced photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy PDT/PTT effect.
•Lagged and cumulative effects of drought on global grassland GPP are assessed.•74.85% of the grassland shows lagged response to drought, mainly with a time scale of 1 month.•59.06% of the grassland ...is affected by drought cumulatively, mainly within 2–4 months.•The cumulative effect is stronger in relatively arid area than in relatively humid area.•Globally, the cumulative effect exceeds the lagged effect for grassland productivity.
Drought has large impacts on the vegetation growth of global terrestrial ecosystems, particularly grasslands. Extensive in-situ studies have shown that the impact of drought on vegetation growth has lagged and cumulative effects, but it is not well known how grassland productivity (gross primary production or GPP) responds to drought over time at large scales. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of lagged and cumulative effects of drought on global grassland GPP using an OCO-2 solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) based GPP product (GOSIF GPP) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The results showed that globally, 88.37% of the grassland had a lagged response to drought, with a lagged time scale of mainly 1 month. With the increase in soil water availability, the magnitude of the lagged effect gradually weakened. Grasslands in semiarid and semi humid conditions that were adaptable to periodic drought responded fastest to drought. Globally, more than three quarters (78.55%) of the grassland was affected by the cumulative effect of drought. The accumulated months occurred at longer time scales (8 ∼ 10 months) for the region at 40°N–55°N, which is relatively arid. The cumulative effect in relatively arid areas was stronger than that in relatively humid areas, indicating that grasslands in more arid areas had stronger tolerance to drought. More importantly, we found that the cumulative effect of drought on grassland GPP was stronger than the lagged effect. This study highlights the great importance of considering the legacy effect, especially the cumulative effect, of drought on grassland productivity, which would advance our understanding of the impact of climate change on the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.
Water use efficiency (WUE) measures the trade-off between carbon gain and water loss of terrestrial ecosystems, and better understanding its dynamics and controlling factors is essential for ...predicting ecosystem responses to climate change. We assessed the magnitude, spatial patterns, and trends of WUE of China's terrestrial ecosystems and its responses to drought using a process-based ecosystem model. During the period from 2000 to 2011, the national average annual WUE (net primary productivity (NPP)/evapotranspiration (ET)) of China was 0.79 g C kg(-1) H2O. Annual WUE decreased in the southern regions because of the decrease in NPP and the increase in ET and increased in most northern regions mainly because of the increase in NPP. Droughts usually increased annual WUE in Northeast China and central Inner Mongolia but decreased annual WUE in central China. "Turning-points" were observed for southern China where moderate and extreme droughts reduced annual WUE and severe drought slightly increased annual WUE. The cumulative lagged effect of drought on monthly WUE varied by region. Our findings have implications for ecosystem management and climate policy making. WUE is expected to continue to change under future climate change particularly as drought is projected to increase in both frequency and severity.
Distinguishing gross primary production of sunlit and shaded leaves (GPP
and GPP
) is crucial for improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating long-term GPP variations. Here we ...produce a global 0.05°, 8-day dataset for GPP, GPP
and GPP
over 1992-2020 using an updated two-leaf light use efficiency model (TL-LUE), which is driven by the GLOBMAP leaf area index, CRUJRA meteorology, and ESA-CCI land cover. Our products estimate the mean annual totals of global GPP, GPP
, and GPP
over 1992-2020 at 125.0 ± 3.8 (mean ± std) Pg C a
, 50.5 ± 1.2 Pg C a
, and 74.5 ± 2.6 Pg C a
, respectively, in which EBF (evergreen broadleaf forest) and CRO (crops) contribute more than half of the totals. They show clear increasing trends over time, in which the trend of GPP (also GPP
and GPP
) for CRO is distinctively greatest, and that for DBF (deciduous broadleaf forest) is relatively large and GPP
overwhelmingly outweighs GPP
. This new dataset advances our in-depth understanding of large-scale carbon cycle processes and dynamics.
In this study, we used a multi-physics coupling approach integrating the electrochemical and solid mechanics fields to develop a three-dimensional finite element model. This model was specifically ...designed to investigate the effects of mechano-electrochemical (M-E) effects on pipeline corrosion. The boundary conditions for the finite element simulation were established using experimental data, enabling the model to effectively predict the corrosion potential and current density, which aligned well with the experimental findings. Subsequently, the validated model was applied to examine the M-E effects near the pipe corrosion defects, considering various depths of corrosion defects and axial strain. Our results indicate that the stress concentration at the core of the defect increases with increasing axial tensile strain and deepening corrosion. The investigation of the correlation between the corrosion potential and net current density revealed that mechanical forces significantly impact metal corrosion rates, thus influencing pipeline longevity. When the metal structure of the pipeline is deformed within the elastic deformation range, the impact of the M-E effects on corrosion is minimal. However, when a tensile strain is applied or the defect geometry induces plastic deformation at the defect site, a notable increase in the local corrosion activity is observed.
•Developed a multi-physics model integrating electrochemical and solid mechanics for pipeline corrosion.•The refined model accurately predicts corrosion potential and current density under tensile stress.•Elastic deformation gradually increases corrosion rate with stress, while plastic deformation at defects significantly escalates it.•Effective corrosion protection in practical engineering applications requires careful management of potential levels and current densities.
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•Hydroxysafflor yellow A exhibited antitumor effects due to its capacity to inhibit angiogenesis.•Hydroxysafflor yellow A could significantly inhibited the survival and invasion rates ...of HepG2 cells.•Hydroxysafflor yellow A suppresses p38MAPK pathway activation and down-regulating p38MAPK-regulated gene products.
The antitumor effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active ingredient of the herb Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae) (safflower), was investigated in the current work. Researches of HSYA on vasculogenesis inhibition, along with the related molecular mechanisms, including the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and p38MAPK (COX-2, ATF-2, p-p38MAPK, and p38MAPK) signaling pathway in H22 tumor-bearing mice or HepG2 cells were performed. The animal experiments proved the level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in H22-transplanted tumor tissue in mice markedly decreased by HSYA, and results both in vivo and in vitro confirmed that COX-2 expression was reduced significantly via p38MAPK|ATF-2 signaling pathway. According to the outcomes, HSYA suppressed p38MAPK phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner, while exerting no effect on the total p38MAPK protein expression. It was also showed that suppression of p38 activation by SB203580 decreased the HepG2 cell viability, proliferation, and migration, wherein HSYA exhibited a similar effect. Furthermore, Western blot analysis on caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-3 revealed that HSYA could induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells. These findings provided experimental evidences that HSYA might be a promising anticancer agent for HCC.
Hot gas ingestion refers to the phenomenon of mainstream hot gas flowing into the space cavity of a turbine wheel. Previous studies have found that mainstream annulus pressure distribution plays an ...important role in hot gas ingestion, but due to its complexity, the mechanism of the interaction between mainstream flow and hot gas ingestion remains unclear. This paper adopts the URANS method, and three sealing flow rates are considered, named
C
w
=0,
C
w
=500, and
C
w
=5000. The time-averaged annulus pressure distribution shows that an increase in the sealing flow decreases the pressure value, and the effects of the sealing flow on the pressure distribution of the leading edge of the blade are much more influential than that of the trailing edge of the vane. The unsteady pressure time-space distribution in the annulus indicates that a time-space tilted distribution of pressure at the rim exits when the sealing flow exists. This phenomenon is mainly due to the strong feedback mechanism of the sealing flow to the annulus pressure field. A comparison of the pressure and mean radial velocity distribution of the mainstream shows that the ingestion mainly occurs on the blade side, where the pressure is lower than on the vane side. The flow characteristics at the wheel rim are analyzed with a sealing flow rate
C
w
=5000, and under these conditions, both pressure-induced ingestion and ingestion caused by a passage vortex can be inferred. The three-dimensional and inertial effects of the mainstream at the wheel rim lead to the generation of separation vortices on the blade side, and the presence of separation vortices leads to ingestion along the blade side. At the same time, pressure on the blade side will cause the fluid to have a radial inward flow tendency, which will promote the formation of separation vortices, leading to more serious ingestion in the high-pressure region on the blade side. The blade pressure field can be more significant than the vane trailing pressure field in the rim seal ingestion, and it contributes some explanations to the open question: the effect of blade on ingestion.
Eight new dimeric sorbicillinoids (1–3, 5–9) and 12 new monomeric sorbicillinoids (10–20, 25), along with five known analogues (4 and 21–24), were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma ...reesei 4670. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESIMS, and ECD) and X-ray crystallography. Compound 1, containing a pyrrolidin-2-one moiety, is reported for the first time in the sorbicillinoid family. Compounds 8 and 9 are the first examples of bisorbicillinoids possessing a benzofuro2,3-hchromene scaffold from a natural source. Compounds 3–11, 13–16, 18, 21, 22, 24, and 25 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of NO in RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide with IC50 values in the range from 0.94 to 38 μM. Structure–activity relationships of the sorbicillinoids were discussed.
Development of a versatile biosensing toolkit is in urgent need for rapid and multiplexed detection applications. In this work, an electronic particle counter-implemented versatile biosensing toolkit ...has been developed for detecting a range of targets with high sensitivity, broad detection range, multiplexibility, simple operation, and low cost. The electrical resistance-based particle counter conventionally measuring the number of microspheres (1–100 μm) can quantify analytes. The versatility of this approach is verified by assaying small molecules, protein biomarkers, pathogen bacteria, and tumor cells using three strategies: (1) antigen–antibody interaction, (2) DNA hybridization, and (3) polypeptide recognition. More importantly, this biosensing toolkit allows the simultaneous detection of multiple targets with a broad detection range from pg mL–1 to μg mL–1, showing great potential as a powerful technique for food safety testing and biomedical diagnosis.
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