Most simple magnesium salts tend to passivate the Mg metal surface too quickly to function as electrolytes for Mg batteries. In the present work, an electroactive salt Mg(THF)6AlCl42 was synthesized ...and structurally characterized. The Mg electrolyte based on this simple mononuclear salt showed a high Mg cycling efficiency, good anodic stability (2.5 V vs. Mg), and high ionic conductivity (8.5 mS cm−1). Magnesium/sulfur cells employing the as‐prepared electrolyte exhibited good cycling performance over 20 cycles in the range of 0.3–2.6 V, thus indicating an electrochemically reversible conversion of S to MgS without severe passivation of the Mg metal electrode surface.
Simple but effective: A simple magnesium salt Mg(THF)6AlCl42 can be used as a magnesium electrolyte that possesses a highly reversible Mg cycling efficiency, good anodic stability, and good ionic conductivity. Mg/S batteries containing the electrolyte could be cycled over 20 cycles, thus indicating electrochemically reversible conversion of sulfur into MgS.
Clinically, Wangbi Capsule (WBC) is widely used in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of its remarkable therapeutic effect. To reveal the mechanism, a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic ...(PK–PD) model was developed for the first time to assess the relationship between time–concentration (dose)–effect. Freund’s Complete Adjuvant was used to induce the adjuvant‐induced arthritis model. Multi‐indices were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect and an S‐Imax PK–PD model was established based on the concentrations of osthole, 5‐O‐methylvisamminoside, cimifugin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin and icariin and the levels of interleukin‐1β and prostaglandin E2 using a two‐compartment PK model together with a PD model with an effect‐site compartment. The results suggest that WBC can treat RA by regulating the levels of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin‐1β. For the PK–PD model, the parameters indicated that WBC had a large safety margin and all six bioactive ingredients of WBC have therapeutic effects on RA. Among them icariin, osthole and 5‐O‐methylvisamminoside may be the main effective substances. This study provided a scientific basis for further study of population pharmacokinetics / population pharmacodynamics (PPK/PPD), to develop a reasonable administration plan and improve individualized drug therapy.
Atomically dispersed iron immobilized on nitrogen‐doped carbon catalyst has attracted enormous attention for CO2 electroreduction, but still suffers from low current density and poor selectivity. ...Herein, atomically dispersed FeN5 active sites supported on defective N‐doped carbon successfully formed by a multistep thermal treatment strategy with the aid of dicyandiamide are reported. This dual‐functional strategy can not only construct intrinsic carbon defects by selectively etching pyridinic‐N and pyrrolic‐N, but also introduces an additional N from the neighboring carbon layer coordinating to the commonly observed FeN4, thus creating an FeN5 active site supported on defective porous carbon nanofibers (FeN5/DPCF) with a local 3D configuration. The optimized FeN5/DPCF achieves a high CO Faradaic efficiency (>90%) over a wide potential range of −0.4 to −0.6 V versus RHE with a maximal FECO of 93.1%, a high CO partial current density of 9.4 mA cm−2 at the low overpotential of 490 mV, and a remarkable turnover frequency of 2965 h−1. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the synergistic effect between the FeN5 sites and carbon defects can enhance electronic localization, thus reducing the energy barrier for the CO2 reduction reaction and suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction, giving rise to the superior activity and selectivity.
Atomically dispersed FeN5 active sites supported on defect‐rich porous carbon nanofibers (FeN5/DPCF) are successfully developed by a two‐step thermal treatment strategy with the aid of dicyandiamide. These active sites promote the activity and selectivity of CO2 electroreduction to CO, showing a high Faradaic efficiency of 93.1% at −0.5 V versus RHE.
Limited numbers of available hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) limit the widespread use of HSC-based therapies. Expansion systems for functional heterogenous HSCs remain to be optimized. Here, we ...present a convenient strategy for human HSC expansion based on a biomimetic Microniche. After demonstrating the expansion of HSC from different sources, we find that our Microniche-based system expands the therapeutically attractive megakaryocyte-biased HSC. We demonstrate scalable HSC expansion by applying this strategy in a stirred bioreactor. Moreover, we identify that the functional human megakaryocyte-biased HSCs are enriched in the CD34
CD38
CD45RA-CD90
CD49f
CD62L
CD133
subpopulation. Specifically, the expansion of megakaryocyte-biased HSCs is supported by a biomimetic niche-like microenvironment, which generates a suitable cytokine milieu and supplies the appropriate physical scaffolding. Thus, beyond clarifying the existence and immuno-phenotype of human megakaryocyte-biased HSC, our study demonstrates a flexible human HSC expansion strategy that could help realize the strong clinical promise of HSC-based therapies.
The surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is of significant importance for promoting its diverse applications. However, the efficient strategy reported so far for cation ...functionalization of CNCs remains limited owing to the electrostatic attraction between cationic modifiers and electronegative CNCs. Herein, a cationized CNC (CNC-LA-IL) has been successfully prepared in aqueous media by grafting the VBImBF4, a kind of ionic liquid (IL), on the surface of a sulfated CNC using lactic acid (LA) as a linker molecule. This surface functionalization not only converts the negative charge of CNC suspensions to a positive charge (zeta potential reversed from −35 to +40 mV) but also leads to enhanced thermal stability and redispersibility of the dried CNC. To examine the reinforcing effect of IL-modified CNCs, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/CNC-LA-IL nanocomposite films were further prepared by the solution casting method. To one’s surprise, the as-prepared PVA/CNC-LA-IL films exhibit extraordinary improvement in both the tensile strength (92%) and the toughness (166%) with only a 0.3 wt % CNC loading. This study provides a green and facile method to achieve ionic liquids grafted CNCs for high-performance nanocomposites.
Scarless skin regeneration remains a challenge due to the complicated microenvironment involved in wound healing. Here, the hydrophobic drug, asiaticoside (AC), was loaded inside silk nanofiber ...hydrogels to achieve bioactive and injectable matrices for skin regeneration. AC was dispersed in aqueous silk nanofiber hydrogels with retention of biological functions that regulated inflammatory reactions and vascularization in vitro. After implantation in full-thickness wound defects, these AC-laden hydrogel matrices achieved scarless wound repair. Inflammatory reactions and angiogenesis were regulated during inflammation and remodeling, which was responsible for wound regeneration similar to normal skin. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated promising applications of these AC-laden silk hydrogels towards scarless tissue regeneration.
The development of polymer electron acceptors lags far behind that of polymer electron donors. A general approach to improve photovoltaic performance of polymer electron donors is to incorporate ...conjugated side chains to the electron-rich unit. In this article, we introduce the “conjugated side chain” strategy to molecular design of polymer electron acceptors by incorporating conjugated side chains to the electron-deficient unit. The polymer backbones consist of alternating electron-deficient double B←N bridged bipyridine (BNBP) unit and electron-rich thiophene or selenophene unit. Polymer electron acceptors are developed by incorporating conjugated alkoxyphenyl side chains to the BNBP unit. Compared with conventional alkyl side chains, the conjugated alkoxyphenyl side chains endow the polymer electron acceptors with low-lying LUMO energy levels, enhanced π–π stacking, and high electron mobilities, which are very desirable for electron acceptors. The resulting all-PSCs exhibit an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.46% with a small photon energy loss (E loss) of 0.51 eV or a PCE of 3.77% with an extremely small E loss of 0.47 eV. This E loss is among the smallest values reported for organic solar cells. These results demonstrate that the “conjugated side chain” strategy can be used not only for high-efficiency polymer electron donors but also for high-performance polymer electron acceptors.
Based on the etching of gold nanorods (GNRs) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a multicolor immunosensor for visual detection of enterovirus 71 infection is proposed. Once the ...immunocomplex is formed, the horseradish peroxidase bound to the ELISA plate oxidizes 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into TMB
2+
in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, TMB
2+
quantitatively etches GNRs to the short GNRs, leading to a blue shift of longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance and corresponding color responses. This change is used to develop two types of cut-off standards, which respond to the human anti-enterovirus at a concentration of 71 IgM antibody. The method has been validated with clinical serum samples and showed high sensitivity and specificity . This visual immunosensor has an important application value for point-of-care detection of EV71, especially in areas lacking detection equipment.
Graphical abstract
The Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy (DHR) architecture presents a novel approach to system design and organization, aiming to enhance system security by integrating dynamicity and heterogeneity into ...its structure. Despite its practical efficacy, the theoretical underpinnings elucidating the mechanisms through which DHR enhances security remain unestablished. This study endeavors to bridge this gap by conducting a theoretical analysis and modeling of the DHR architecture, focusing on its intrinsic characteristics and their implications for system security. Employing static game theory, our research uncovers the unique Nash equilibrium within DHR architecture. Expanding upon this mathematical framework, we delve into how factors such as dynamicity, heterogeneity, and failure rates influence these equilibria, subsequently shaping system security. To validate our findings, we conduct a case study involving a triply redundant DHR system and simulate the offense-defense interplay using the Adam optimization algorithm within boundedly rational static games. Our results affirm the variations in system security under diverse initial conditions and model states, thereby establishing a robust theoretical foundation for DHR architectures and laying the groundwork for their broader comprehension and application across various domains.
