At diagnosis, 10 % of breast cancer patients already have locally advanced or metastatic disease; moreover, metastasis eventually develops in at least 40 % of early breast cancer patients. Osteolytic ...bone colonization occurs in 80–85 % of metastatic breast cancer patients and is thought to be an early step in metastatic progression. Thus, breast cancer displays a strong preference for metastasis to bone, and most metastatic breast cancer patients will experience its complications. Our prior research has shown that the α5β1 integrin fibronectin receptor mediates both metastatic and angiogenic invasion. We invented a targeted peptide inhibitor of activated α5β1, Ac-PHSCN-NH
2
(PHSCN), as a validated lead compound to impede both metastatic invasion and neovascularization. Systemic PHSCN monotherapy prevented disease progression for up to 14 months in Phase I clinical trial. Here, we report that the next-generation construct, Ac-PhScN-NH
2
(PhScN), which contains D-isomers of histidine (h) and cysteine (c), is greater than 100,000-fold more potent than PHSCN at blocking basement membrane invasion. Moreover, PhScN is also up to 10,000-fold more potent than PHSCN at inhibiting lung extravasation and colonization in athymic mice for both MDA-MB-231 metastatic and SUM149PT inflammatory breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that systemic treatment with 50 mg/kg PhScN monotherapy reduces established intratibial MDA-MB-231 bone colony progression by 80 %. Thus, PhScN is a highly potent, well-tolerated inhibitor of both lung colonization and bone colony progression.
At diagnosis, 10 % of breast cancer patients already have locally advanced or metastatic disease; moreover, metastasis eventually develops in at least 40 % of early breast cancer patients. Osteolytic ...bone colonization occurs in 80-85 % of metastatic breast cancer patients and is thought to be an early step in metastatic progression. Thus, breast cancer displays a strong preference for metastasis to bone, and most metastatic breast cancer patients will experience its complications. Our prior research has shown that the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin fibronectin receptor mediates both metastatic and angiogenic invasion. We invented a targeted peptide inhibitor of activated alpha 5 beta 1, Ac-PHSCN-NH sub(2) (PHSCN), as a validated lead compound to impede both metastatic invasion and neovascularization. Systemic PHSCN monotherapy prevented disease progression for up to 14 months in Phase I clinical trial. Here, we report that the next-generation construct, Ac-PhScN-NH sub(2) (PhScN), which contains D-isomers of histidine (h) and cysteine (c), is greater than 100,000-fold more potent than PHSCN at blocking basement membrane invasion. Moreover, PhScN is also up to 10,000-fold more potent than PHSCN at inhibiting lung extravasation and colonization in athymic mice for both MDA-MB-231 metastatic and SUM149PT inflammatory breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that systemic treatment with 50 mg/kg PhScN monotherapy reduces established intratibial MDA-MB-231 bone colony progression by 80 %. Thus, PhScN is a highly potent, well-tolerated inhibitor of both lung colonization and bone colony progression.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells in the bone marrow that have been found to migrate to tumors, suggesting a potential use for cancer gene therapy. MSCs migrate to sites of tissue ...damage, including normal tissues damaged by radiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of tumor radiotherapy on the localization of lentivirus-transduced MSCs to tumors.
MSCs were labeled with a lipophilic dye to investigate their migration to colon cancer xenografts. Subsequently, the MSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector to model gene therapy and mark the infused MSCs. LoVo tumor xenografts were treated with increasing radiation doses to assess the effect on MSC localization, which was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. MSC invasion efficiency was determined in an invasion assay.
MSCs migrated to tumor xenografts of various origins, with few cells found in normal tissues. A lentiviral vector efficiently transduced MSCs in the presence, but not the absence, of hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene). When LoVo tumors were treated with increasing radiation doses, more MSCs were found to migrate to them than to untreated tumors. Irradiation increased MSC localization in HT-29 and MDA-MB-231, but not UMSCC1, xenografts. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in tumors did not correlate with the basal levels of MSC infiltration; however, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was modestly elevated in irradiated tumors. Media from irradiated LoVo cells stimulated MSC invasion into basement membranes.
These findings suggest that radiation-induced injury can be used to target MSCs to tumors, which might increase the effectiveness of MSC cancer gene therapy. The production of tumor-derived factors in response to radiation stimulates MSC invasion.
ABSTRACT
Primary tumors often give rise to disseminated tumor cells (DTC’s), which acquire full malignancy after invading distant site(s). Thus, DTC’s may be a productive target for preventing ...prostate cancer metastasis progression. Our prior research showed that PHSCN peptide (Ac-PHSCN-NH
2
) targets activated α5β1 integrin to prevent invasion and metastasis in preclinical adenocarcinoma models, and disease progression in Phase I clinical trial. Here, we report that
d-
stereoisomer replacement of histidine and cysteine in PHSCN produces a highly potent derivative, Ac-PhScN-NH
2
(PhScN). PhScN was 27,000- to 150,000-fold more potent as an inhibitor of basement membrane invasion by DU 145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. A large increase in invasion–inhibitory potency occurred after covalent modification of the sulfhydryl group in PHSCN to prevent disulfide bond formation; while the potency of covalently modified PhScN was not significantly increased. Thus PhScN and PHSCN invasion inhibition occurs by a noncovalent mechanism. These peptides also displayed similar cell surface binding dissociation constants (K
d
), and competed for the same site. Consistent with its increased invasion–inhibitory potency, PhScN was also a highly potent inhibitor of lung extravasation and colonization in athymic nude mice: it was several hundred- or several thousand-fold more potent than PHSCN at blocking extravasation by PC-3 or DU 145 cells, and 111,000- or 379,000-fold more potent at inhibiting lung colonization, respectively. Furthermore, systemic 5 mg/kg PhScN monotherapy was sufficient to cause complete regression of established, intramuscular DU 145 tumors. PhScN thus represents a potent new family of therapeutic agents targeting metastasis by DTC’s to prevent parallel progression in prostate cancer.
The Polycomb Group Protein EZH2 is a transcriptional repressor involved in controlling cellular memory and has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer. Here we investigate the functional role of ...EZH2 in cancer cell invasion and breast cancer progression. EZH2 transcript and protein were consistently elevated in invasive breast carcinoma compared with normal breast epithelia. Tissue microarray analysis, which included 917 samples from 280 patients, demonstrated that EZH2 protein levels were strongly associated with breast cancer aggressiveness. Overexpression of EZH2 in immortalized human mammary epithelial cell lines promotes anchorage-independent growth and cell invasion. EZH2-mediated cell invasion required an intact SET domain and histone deacetylase activity. This study provides compelling evidence for a functional link between dysregulated cellular memory, transcriptional repression, and neoplastic transformation.
alpha(5)beta(1) Integrin interacts with the PHSRN sequence of plasma fibronectin, causing constitutive invasion by human prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of this process reduces tumorigenesis and ...prevents metastasis and recurrence. In this study, naturally serum-free basement membranes were used as in vitro invasion substrates. Immunoassays were employed to dissect the roles of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase Cdelta (PKC delta) in alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)-dependent invasion by metastatic human DU 145 prostate cancer cells. We found that a peptide composed of the PHSRN sequence induced rapid FAK phosphorylation at Tyr(397) (Y397), a site whose phosphorylation is associated with kinase activation. The technique of RNA silencing small interfering RNA (siRNA) confirmed the role of FAK in PHSRN-induced invasion. PHSRN also induced the association of the p85-regulatory subunit of PI3K with FAK at a time corresponding to FAK phosphorylation and activation, and maximal PI3K activity occurred at this same time. The necessity of PI3K activity in both PHSRN-induced invasion and MMP-1 expression was confirmed by using specific PI3K inhibitors. By employing a specific inhibitor, Rottlerin, and by using siRNA, we also found that PKC delta, a PI3K substrate found in focal adhesions, functions in PHSRN-induced invasion. In addition, the induction of MMP-1 in PHSRN-treated DU 145 cells was shown by immunoblotting, and the role of MMP-1 in PHSRN-induced invasion was confirmed by the use of blocking anti-MMP-1 monoclonal antibody. Finally, a close temporal correspondence was observed between PHSRN-induced invasion and PHSRN-induced MMP-1 activity in DU 145 cells.
The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to a distant site involves many of the invasive processes normally required for wound healing, including migration through the local connective ...tissue, invasion of the vasculature, extravasation, invasion of the connective tissue at a distant site, and angiogenesis. Thus, the abilities of tumor cells to invade the host, and to induce endothelial cell invasion and neovascularization, are central to malignant progression. The plasminogen activator system, which plays a direct role in stimulating alpha5beta1 integrin fibronectin receptor-mediated invasion during wound healing, is also very important in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, as well as in angiogenesis. Therefore, the alpha5beta1 receptor and the plasminogen activator system may be promising targets for directed anticancer therapies.
The α5β1 integrin fibronectin receptor is an attractive therapeutic target in breast cancer because it plays key roles in invasion and metastasis. While its inactive form is widely expressed, ...activated α5β1 occurs only on tumor cells and their associated vasculature. The PHSCN peptide has been shown to bind activated α5β1 preferentially, thereby blocking invasion in vitro, and inhibiting growth, metastasis and tumor recurrence in preclinical models. Moreover in a recent Phase I clinical trial, systemic PHSCN monotherapy was well tolerated, and metastatic disease failed to progress for 4-14 months in 38% of patients receiving it. A significantly more potent PHSCN derivative, the PHSCN-polylysine dendrimer (Ac-PHSCNGGK-MAP) has recently been developed. We report that it is 1280- to 6700-fold more potent than the PHSCN peptide at blocking α5β1 mediated SUM-149 PT and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell invasion of naturally occurring basement membranes in vitro. Chou-Talalay analysis of these data suggested that invasion inhibition by the PHSCN dendrimer was highly synergistic. We also report that, consistent with its enhanced invasion-inhibitory potency, the PHSCN dendrimer is 700- to 1100-fold more effective than the PHSCN peptide at preventing SUM-149 PT and MDA-MB-231 extravasation in the lungs of athymic, nude mice. Our results also show that many extravasated SUM-149 PT and MDA-MB-231 cells go on to develop into metastatic colonies, and that pretreatment with the PHSCN dendrimer is more than 100-fold more effective at reducing lung colony formation. Since many patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer already have locally advanced or metastatic disease, the availability of a well-tolerated, nontoxic systemic therapy that can prevent metastatic progression by blocking invasion could be very beneficial.
Integrins contribute to progression in many cancers, including breast cancer. For example, the interaction of alpha(5)beta(1) with plasma fibronectin causes the constitutive invasiveness of human ...prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of this process reduces tumorigenesis and prevents metastasis and recurrence. In this study, naturally serum-free basement membranes were used as invasion substrates. Immunoassays were used to compare the roles of alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(4)beta(1) fibronectin receptors in regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1-dependent invasion by human breast cancer and mammary epithelial cells. We found that a peptide consisting of fibronectin PHSRN sequence, Ac-PHSRN-NH(2), induces alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated invasion of basement membranes in vitro by human breast cancer and mammary epithelial cells. PHSRN-induced invasion requires interstitial collagenase MMP-1 activity and is suppressed by an equimolar concentration of a peptide consisting of the LDV sequence of the fibronectin connecting segment, Ac-LHGPEILDVPST-NH(2), in mammary epithelial cells, but not in breast cancer cells. This sequence interacts with alpha(4)beta(1), an integrin that is often down-regulated in breast cancer cells. Immunoblotting shows that the PHSRN peptide stimulates MMP-1 production by serum-free human breast cancer and mammary epithelial cells and that the LDV peptide represses PHSRN-stimulated MMP-1 production only in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, PHSRN stimulates MMP-1 activity in breast cancer cells and mammary epithelial cells with a time course that closely parallels invasion induction. Thus, down-regulation of surface alpha(4)beta(1) during oncogenic transformation may be crucial for establishment of the alpha(5)beta(1)-induced, MMP-1-dependent invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells.
Activated α5β1 integrin occurs specifically on tumor cells and on endothelial cells of tumor-associated vasculature, and plays a key role in invasion and metastasis. The PHSCN peptide (Ac-PHSCN-NH₂) ...preferentially binds activated α5β1, to block invasion in vitro, and inhibit growth, metastasis and tumor recurrence in preclinical models of prostate cancer. In Phase I clinical trial, systemic Ac-PHSCN-NH₂ monotherapy was well tolerated, and metastatic disease progression was prevented for 4-14 months in one-third of treated patients. We have developed a significantly more potent derivative, the PHSCN-polylysine dendrimer (Ac-PHSCNGGK-MAP). Using in vitro invasion assays with naturally serum-free basement membranes, we observed that the PHSCN dendrimer was 130- to 1900-fold more potent than the PHSCN peptide at blocking α5β1-mediated invasion by DU 145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, whether invasion was induced by serum, or by the Ac-PHSRN-NH₂ peptide, under serum-free conditions. The PHSCN dendrimer was also approximately 800 times more effective than PHSCN peptide at preventing DU 145 and PC-3 extravasation in the lungs of athymic mice. Chou-Talalay analysis suggested that inhibition of both invasion in vitro and extravasation in vivo by the PHSCN dendrimer are highly synergistic. We found that many extravasated DU 145 and PC-3 cells go onto develop into metastatic colonies, and that a single pretreatment with the PHSCN dendrimer was 100-fold more affective than the PHSCN peptide at reducing lung colony formation. Since many patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer already have locally advanced or metastatic disease, the availability of a well-tolerated, nontoxic systemic therapy, like the PHSCN dendrimer, which prevents metastatic progression by inhibiting invasion, could be very beneficial.
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