This international phase III trial (Investigating Torisel As Second-Line Therapy INTORSECT) compared the efficacy of temsirolimus (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor) and sorafenib (vascular ...endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after disease progression on sunitinib.
In total, 512 patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive intravenous temsirolimus 25 mg once weekly (n = 259) or oral sorafenib 400 mg twice per day (n = 253), with stratification according to duration of prior sunitinib therapy (≤ or > 180 days), prognostic risk, histology (clear cell or non-clear cell), and nephrectomy status. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) by independent review committee assessment. Safety, objective response rate (ORR), and overall survival (OS) were secondary end points.
Primary analysis revealed no significant difference between treatment arms for PFS (stratified hazard ratio HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.07; two-sided P = .19) or ORR. Median PFS in the temsirolimus and sorafenib arms were 4.3 and 3.9 months, respectively. There was a significant OS difference in favor of sorafenib (stratified HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.63; two-sided P = .01). Median OS in the temsirolimus and sorafenib arms was 12.3 and 16.6 months, respectively. Safety profiles of both agents were consistent with previous studies.
In patients with mRCC and progression on sunitinib, second-line temsirolimus did not demonstrate a PFS advantage compared with sorafenib. The longer OS observed with sorafenib suggests sequenced VEGFR inhibition may benefit patients with mRCC.
The multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib has shown activity against pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in preclinical models and phase 1 and 2 trials.
We conducted a multinational, ...randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of sunitinib in patients with advanced, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. All patients had Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors-defined disease progression documented within 12 months before baseline. A total of 171 patients were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive best supportive care with either sunitinib at a dose of 37.5 mg per day or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival; secondary end points included the objective response rate, overall survival, and safety.
The study was discontinued early, after the independent data and safety monitoring committee observed more serious adverse events and deaths in the placebo group as well as a difference in progression-free survival favoring sunitinib. Median progression-free survival was 11.4 months in the sunitinib group as compared with 5.5 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.42; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.26 to 0.66; P<0.001). A Cox proportional-hazards analysis of progression-free survival according to baseline characteristics favored sunitinib in all subgroups studied. The objective response rate was 9.3% in the sunitinib group versus 0% in the placebo group. At the data cutoff point, 9 deaths were reported in the sunitinib group (10%) versus 21 deaths in the placebo group (25%) (hazard ratio for death, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.89; P=0.02). The most frequent adverse events in the sunitinib group were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, asthenia, and fatigue.
Continuous daily administration of sunitinib at a dose of 37.5 mg improved progression-free survival, overall survival, and the objective response rate as compared with placebo among patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. (Funded by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00428597.).
In the PALOMA-2 trial, palbociclib in combination with letrozole prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and exhibited an acceptable safety profile in patients with estrogen receptor–positive/human ...epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced breast cancer (ABC). This post hoc analysis of PALOMA-2 evaluated the efficacy and safety of palbociclib plus letrozole in patients with preexisting conditions grouped by Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) System Organ Class (SOC).
Postmenopausal patients without prior treatment for ABC were randomized 2:1 to receive palbociclib (125 mg/d on a 3 weeks on/1 week off schedule) plus letrozole (2.5 mg/d, continuous) or placebo plus letrozole. Patients were grouped by the following MedDRA SOC preexisting conditions: gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and vascular/cardiac. Median PFS was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) were compared between treatment arms within each preexisting condition subgroup.
At baseline, 276 (41.4 %) patients had preexisting gastrointestinal disorders, 390 (58.6 %) had musculoskeletal disorders, 259 (38.9 %) had metabolic disorders, and 382 (57.4 %) had vascular/cardiac disorders. Baseline characteristics were similar between subgroups and between each arm within subgroups. Regardless of baseline preexisting condition, palbociclib plus letrozole prolonged PFS compared with placebo plus letrozole. Treatment-emergent AEs associated with palbociclib plus letrozole and dose modifications due to AEs were similar across preexisting condition subgroups.
This post hoc analysis of PALOMA-2 demonstrated a favorable effect of palbociclib on PFS and a safety profile consistent with previous observations, regardless of underlying preexisting condition. Pfizer Inc (NCT01740427).
•Preexisting conditions can affect the safety and efficacy of breast cancer therapies.•This is a post hoc analysis of patients with preexisting conditions from PALOMA-2.•Palbociclib prolonged median PFS, regardless of preexisting condition.•Within each treatment arm, AEs were similar regardless of preexisting condition.
Palbociclib added to endocrine therapy improves progression-free survival in hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, metastatic breast cancer. The PALLAS trial aimed to investigate whether the ...addition of 2 years of palbociclib to adjuvant endocrine therapy improves invasive disease-free survival over endocrine therapy alone in patients with hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, early-stage breast cancer.
PALLAS is an ongoing multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study that enrolled patients at 406 cancer centres in 21 countries worldwide with stage II–III histologically confirmed hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, within 12 months of initial diagnosis. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score of 0 or 1. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) in permuted blocks of random size (4 or 6), stratified by anatomic stage, previous chemotherapy, age, and geographical region, by use of central telephone-based and web-based interactive response technology, to receive either 2 years of palbociclib (125 mg orally once daily on days 1–21 of a 28-day cycle) with ongoing standard provider or patient-choice adjuvant endocrine therapy (tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor, with or without concurrent luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist), or endocrine therapy alone, without masking. The primary endpoint of the study was invasive disease-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all randomly assigned patients who started palbociclib or endocrine therapy. This report presents results from the second pre-planned interim analysis triggered on Jan 9, 2020, when 67% of the total number of expected invasive disease-free survival events had been observed. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02513394) and EudraCT (2014-005181-30).
Between Sept 1, 2015, and Nov 30, 2018, 5760 patients were randomly assigned to receive palbociclib plus endocrine therapy (n=2883) or endocrine therapy alone (n=2877). At the time of the planned second interim analysis, at a median follow-up of 23·7 months (IQR 16·9–29·2), 170 of 2883 patients assigned to palbociclib plus endocrine therapy and 181 of 2877 assigned to endocrine therapy alone had invasive disease-free survival events. 3-year invasive disease-free survival was 88·2% (95% CI 85·2–90·6) for palbociclib plus endocrine therapy and 88·5% (85·8–90·7) for endocrine therapy alone (hazard ratio 0·93 95% CI 0·76–1·15; log-rank p=0·51). As the test statistic comparing invasive disease-free survival between groups crossed the prespecified futility boundary, the independent data monitoring committee recommended discontinuation of palbociclib in patients still receiving palbociclib and endocrine therapy. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were neutropenia (1742 61·3% of 2840 patients on palbociclib and endocrine therapy vs 11 0·3% of 2903 on endocrine therapy alone), leucopenia (857 30·2% vs three 0·1%), and fatigue (60 2·1% vs ten 0·3%). Serious adverse events occurred in 351 (12·4%) of 2840 patients on palbociclib plus endocrine therapy versus 220 (7·6%) of 2903 patients on endocrine therapy alone. There were no treatment-related deaths.
At the planned second interim analysis, addition of 2 years of adjuvant palbociclib to adjuvant endocrine therapy did not improve invasive disease-free survival compared with adjuvant endocrine therapy alone. On the basis of these findings, this regimen cannot be recommended in the adjuvant setting. Long-term follow-up of the PALLAS population and correlative studies are ongoing.
Pfizer.
The PALLAS study investigated whether the addition of palbociclib, an oral CDK4/6 inhibitor, to adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) improves invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) in early hormone ...receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer. In this analysis, we evaluated palbociclib exposure and discontinuation in PALLAS.
Patients with stage II-III HR+, HER2- disease were randomly assigned to 2 years of palbociclib with adjuvant ET versus ET alone. The primary objective was to compare iDFS between arms. Continuous monitoring of toxicity, dose modifications, and early discontinuation was performed. Association of baseline covariates with time to palbociclib reduction and discontinuation was analyzed with multivariable competing risk models. Landmark and inverse probability weighted per-protocol analyses were performed to assess the impact of drug persistence and exposure on iDFS.
Of the 5,743 patient analysis population (2,840 initiating palbociclib), 1,199 (42.2%) stopped palbociclib before 2 years, the majority (772, 27.2%) for adverse effects, most commonly neutropenia and fatigue. Discontinuation of ET did not differ between arms. Discontinuations for non-protocol-defined reasons were greater in the first 3 months of palbociclib, and in the first calendar year of accrual, and declined over time. No significant relationship was seen between longer palbociclib duration or ≥ 70% exposure intensity and improved iDFS. In the weighted per-protocol analysis, no improvement in iDFS was observed in patients receiving palbociclib versus not (hazard ratio 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.11).
Despite observed rates of discontinuation in PALLAS, analyses suggest that the lack of significant iDFS difference between arms was not directly related to inadequate palbociclib exposure. However, the discontinuation rate illustrates the challenge of introducing novel adjuvant treatments, and the need for interventions to improve persistence with oral cancer therapies.
Summary
Purpose.
This phase II, open-label, multicenter study assessed the oral, multitargeted, tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction ...adenocarcinoma who had received prior chemotherapy.
Experimental design
. Patients received sunitinib 50 mg/day on Schedule 4/2 (4 weeks on treatment, followed by 2 weeks off treatment). The primary endpoint was objective response rate; secondary endpoints included clinical benefit rate, duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability, and quality of life.
Results
. Of 78 patients enrolled, most had gastric adenocarcinoma (93.6%) and metastatic disease (93.6%). All were evaluable for safety and efficacy. Two patients (2.6%) had partial responses and 25 patients (32.1%) had a best response of stable disease for ≥6 weeks. Median PFS was 2.3 months (95% confidence interval CI, 1.6–2.6 months) and median OS was 6.8 months (95% CI, 4.4–9.6 months). Grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were reported in 34.6% and 29.4% of patients, respectively, and the most common non-hematologic adverse events were fatigue, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, and stomatitis. Pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and its active metabolite were consistent with previous reports. There were no marked associations between baseline soluble protein levels, or changes from baseline, and measures of clinical outcome.
Conclusions
. The progression-delaying effect and manageable toxicity observed with sunitinib in this study suggest that although single-agent sunitinib has insufficient clinical value as second-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer, its role in combination with chemotherapy merits further study.
Background
Limited real-world data exist regarding the efficacy of palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy in pre/perimenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer.
Objective
We aimed to ...compare real-world tumor responses among pre/perimenopausal women who initiated palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or AI monotherapy as first-line treatment for hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer.
Methods
This retrospective observational cohort study (NCT05012644) used electronic health record data from The US Oncology Network. Tumor responses were determined based on treating clinicians’ assessments of radiologic evidence for changes in disease burden. Normalized inverse probability treatment weighting was used to balance baseline characteristics between treatment cohorts.
Results
Of 196 pre/perimenopausal women, 116 and 80 were in the palbociclib plus AI cohort and AI cohort, respectively. Real-world response rates (complete or partial response) were 52.1% and 46.2%, respectively (odds ratio, 1.27 95% confidence interval 0.72‒2.24). Among patients with one or more tumor assessments on treatment, real-world response rates were 60.0% in the palbociclib plus AI cohort (
n
= 103) and 49.9% in the AI cohort (
n
= 71; odds ratio, 1.51 95% confidence interval 0.82‒2.77).
Conclusions
This real-world analysis suggests that pre/perimenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer appear more likely to respond to palbociclib plus AI versus AI alone as first-line therapy, which may support the combination as a standard-of-care treatment for this patient population.
Graphical Abstract
Plain Language Summary
Palbociclib (Ibrance
®
) is a medicine for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Metastatic means that the cancer has spread to other places in the body. Patients take palbociclib with hormone therapy, such as an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Palbociclib plus an AI is a treatment for a type of MBC called HR+/HER2‒ MBC. HR+/HER2‒ stands for hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative. Researchers wanted to observe responses to treatment in routine clinical practice among women with HR+/HER2– MBC who had not reached menopause. A response is if a tumor shrinks or disappears after treatment. This study used healthcare information reported in electronic medical records of patients seen by doctors in The US Oncology Network. This study included 196 women with HR+/HER2– MBC who had not reached menopause and had not received prior treatment for MBC. A total of 116 women received palbociclib plus an AI, and 80 women received an AI alone. Researchers used standard statistical approaches to balance baseline characteristics between the two treatment groups. These adjustments made the groups more similar so that researchers could compare treatment responses. Sixty percent of patients who took palbociclib plus an AI responded, compared with 50% of patients who took an AI alone. These results suggest that palbociclib plus an AI may benefit women with HR+/HER2‒ MBC who have not reached menopause.
In PALOMA-2, palbociclib + letrozole significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) versus placebo + letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor ...receptor 2-negative (ER+/HER2−) advanced breast cancer (ABC). We investigated clinical outcomes of patients who achieved or did not achieve a confirmed objective response (OR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 (data cutoff: May 31, 2017).
Postmenopausal patients untreated for ER+/HER2− ABC were randomized 2:1 to palbociclib + letrozole or placebo + letrozole. Median PFS, median duration of OR, baseline characteristics, and palbociclib exposure were compared in patients with or without OR by treatment arm.
In the intent-to-treat population, OR was achieved by 194 (44%) of 444 and 77 (35%) of 222 patients in the palbociclib and placebo arms, respectively (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.0-2.1; P = .0156). Regardless of treatment, more OR than non-OR patients had de novo metastatic disease (47%-50% and 28%-31%, respectively) and no prior endocrine therapy (55% and 35%-37%, respectively). Rates of palbociclib dose reduction owing to adverse events were similar regardless of OR (41% and 38%, respectively). Among the patients with OR during the study, approximately 50% achieved OR within the first 3 months regardless of treatment. The median PFS was significantly prolonged with palbociclib + letrozole versus placebo + letrozole in patients with measurable disease in both OR (37.2 months; 95% CI, 28.1 months to not estimable vs. 27.4 months; 95% CI, 22.2-31.1 months; hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.94; P = .009) and non-OR groups (10.9 months; 95% CI, 8.2-11.2 months vs. 5.6 months; 95% CI, 5.3-8.3 months; hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.97; P = .016).
Palbociclib + letrozole provided significant clinical benefit versus placebo + letrozole to patients with ER+/HER2− ABC regardless of achieving RECIST-defined OR.
Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01740427
This analysis examined the clinical outcomes of patients with estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer in PALOMA-2 who achieved and did not achieve an objective response. Palbociclib plus letrozole provided a significant clinical benefit by prolonging median progression-free survival versus placebo plus letrozole regardless of whether patients achieved an objective response.
Aim
Palbociclib was approved in the United States in 2015 to treat estrogen receptor–positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC). This study ...evaluated outcomes and safety in patients treated with palbociclib in Australia and India with hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/HER2– ABC before palbociclib became commercially available.
Methods
Postmenopausal women (≥18 years) with HR+/HER2– ABC who were appropriate candidates for letrozole therapy received palbociclib 125 mg once daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off, and letrozole 2.5 mg once daily (continuous). Safety, tumor response, and patient‐reported outcomes (Australian cohort) were evaluated.
Results
In total, 252 patients received palbociclib plus letrozole (Australia, n = 152; India, n = 100). More patients in the Australian versus Indian cohort had received prior chemotherapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 45.9% vs. 32.0%), endocrine therapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 63.2% vs. 54.3%), and advanced/metastatic therapies (61.8% vs. 31.0%). The most frequently reported all‐grade palbociclib‐related treatment‐emergent adverse events were neutropenia (66.7%), fatigue (35.3%), and stomatitis (26.6%); grade 3/4 neutropenia was reported as palbociclib‐related in 62.7% of patients. Febrile neutropenia was reported in six patients (2.4%). Eight patients (3.2%) discontinued because of an adverse event. The objective response rate was 19.4% (95% CI, 14.7%–24.9%) overall and 2.3% in Australian patients with ≥2 lines of prior therapy for metastatic disease. Patient‐reported quality of life scores were maintained throughout the study.
Conclusions
In an expanded access setting in Australia and India, palbociclib plus letrozole was well tolerated in patients with HR+/HER2– ABC, with a safety profile consistent with previous reports.
Our study found that palbociclib plus letrozole was well tolerated in patients in Australia and India with HR+/HER2− ABC. Additionally, the observed objective response rate was 19.4% (95% CI, 14.7%−24.9%) in the total population and patient‐reported general health status was maintained throughout the study.
PDF
