Over the past 30 years, significant commercial and academic progress has been made on Li‐based battery technologies. From the early Li‐metal anode iterations to the current commercial Li‐ion ...batteries (LIBs), the story of the Li‐based battery is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. This review will discuss the main roles of material science in the development of LIBs. As LIB research progresses and the materials of interest change, different emphases on the different subdisciplines of material science are placed. Early works on LIBs focus more on solid state physics whereas near the end of the 20th century, researchers began to focus more on the morphological aspects (surface coating, porosity, size, and shape) of electrode materials. While it is easy to point out which specific cathode and anode materials are currently good candidates for the next‐generation of batteries, it is difficult to explain exactly why those are chosen. In this review, for the reader a complete developmental story of LIB should be clearly drawn, along with an explanation of the reasons responsible for the various technological shifts. The review will end with a statement of caution for the current modern battery research along with a brief discussion on beyond lithium‐ion battery chemistries.
The major development events in the history of lithium‐ion batteries are presented and the driving forces responsible for the various technological shifts are discussed.
A
bstract
We perform a systematical analysis of the
A
4
modular models with generalized CP for the masses and flavor mixing of quarks and leptons, and the most general form of the quark and lepton ...mass matrices is given. The CP invariance requires all couplings real in the chosen basis and thus the vacuum expectation value of the modulus
τ
uniquely breaks both the modular symmetry and CP symmetry. The phenomenologically viable models with minimal number of free parameters and the results of fit are presented. We find 20 models with 7 real free parameters that can accommodate the experimental data of lepton sector. We then apply
A
4
modular symmetry to the quark sector to explain quark masses and CKM mixing matrix, the minimal viable quark model is found to contain 10 free real parameters. Finally, we give two predictive quark-lepton unification models which use only 16 real free parameters to explain the flavor patterns of both quarks and leptons.
A compact two-antenna building block for forming the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array in the mobile device such as the smartphone is presented. The building block has a planar structure of ...small size 7 × 10 mm 2 (about 0.08λ × 0.12λ) for operating at 3.5-GHz band (3.4-3.6 GHz), which is the recently identified frequency spectrum in World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 for future broadband mobile services. The building block is formed by two gap-coupled loop antennas having asymmetrically mirrored (AM) structures with respect to the system ground plane of the smartphone. The two AM antennas show good isolation thereof and their envelope correlation coefficient is much less than 0.1 in the operating band, showing very good independence of the two antennas in their far-field radiation characteristics. By using four such building blocks, an eight-antenna MIMO array at 3.5-GHz band in the smartphone is easily implemented. The channel capacity of the eight-antenna MIMO array in an 8 \× 8 MIMO system is calculated to be about 36 b/s/Hz with 20-dB signal-to-noise ratio. The measured channel capacity obtained using an 8 × 8 MIMO measurement setup is also presented, which generally agrees with the calculated results. The obtained eight-antenna MIMO array is promising for future or fifth-generation smartphone applications.
The even-weight modular forms of level N can be arranged into the common irreducible representations of the inhomogeneous finite modular group Γ N and the homogeneous finite modular group Γ′N which ...is the double covering of ΓN, and the odd-weight modular forms of level N transform in the new representations of Γ′N. We find that the above structure of modular forms can naturally generate texture zeros of the fermion mass matrices if we properly assign the representations and weights of the matter fields under the modular group. We perform a comprehensive analysis for the Γ′3 ≅ T′ modular symmetry. The three generations of left-handed quarks are assumed to transform as a doublet and a singlet of T′, and we find six possible texture-zero structures of the quark mass matrix up to row and column permutations. We present five benchmark quark models which can produce very good fits to the experimental data. These quark models are further extended to include the lepton sector, and the resulting models can give a unified description of both quark and lepton masses and flavor mixing simultaneously, although they contain a smaller number of free parameters than the observables.
This technical note presents necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability and stabilization of fractional-order interval systems. The results are obtained in terms of linear matrix ...inequalities. Two illustrative examples are given to show that our results are effective and less conservative for checking the robust stability and designing the stabilizing controller for fractional-order interval systems.
This note further investigates the locally and globally adaptive synchronization of an uncertain complex dynamical network. Several network synchronization criteria are deduced. Especially, our ...hypotheses and designed adaptive controllers for network synchronization are rather simple in form. It is very useful for future practical engineering design. Moreover, numerical simulations are also given to show the effectiveness of our synchronization approaches.
Objectives
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is rapidly spreading worldwide. Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LQC) has shown therapeutic effects in patients with COVID‐19. This study is aimed to discover ...its molecular mechanism and provide potential drug targets.
Materials and Methods
An LQC target and COVID‐19–related gene set was established using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and seven disease‐gene databases. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to discover the potential mechanism. Molecular docking was performed to visualize the patterns of interactions between the effective molecule and targeted protein.
Results
A gene set of 65 genes was generated. We then constructed a compound‐target network that contained 234 nodes of active compounds and 916 edges of compound‐target pairs. The GO and KEGG indicated that LQC can act by regulating immune response, apoptosis and virus infection. PPI network and subnetworks identified nine hub genes. The molecular docking was conducted on the most significant gene Akt1, which is involved in lung injury, lung fibrogenesis and virus infection. Six active compounds of LQC can enter the active pocket of Akt1, namely beta‐carotene, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin and wogonin, thereby exerting potential therapeutic effects in COVID‐19.
Conclusions
The network pharmacological strategy integrates molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of LQC. Akt1 is a promising drug target to reduce tissue damage and help eliminate virus infection.
A Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LQC) target and COVID‐19 related gene set is established to construct compound‐target pharmacology network. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicate the regulating effect of LQC on apoptosis, antivirus, immune defense, and inflammatory response. Protein‐protein interaction network and critical subnetworks are constructed to identify hub gene target. The most significant gene, Akt 1, is selected to perform molecular docking with active compounds of LQC. Six compounds are finally recognized as potential anti‐COVID‐19 agents.
The finite-time stability of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks with time delays is investigated. One of the difficulties in stability analysis of fractional-order delayed systems lies ...in how to handle the delay terms in the systems. In view of this difficulty, firstly, a new fractional-order Gronwall inequality with time delay is developed; this can be widely used to study finite-time stability of a variety of fractional-order systems with time delays. Secondly, a new criterion for the finite-time stability of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks with time delays is derived in terms of this inequality; it is less conservative than the one using the existing fractional-order Gronwall inequality with time delays. Finally, two examples are given to expound the effectiveness and less conservativeness of the proposed results.
PDF
