Heteroatom doped atomically dispersed Fe1‐NC catalysts have been found to show excellent activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the origin of the enhanced activity is still ...controversial because the structure‐function relationship governing the enhancement remains elusive. Herein, sulfur(S)‐doped Fe1‐NC catalyst was obtained as a model, which displays a superior activity for ORR towards the traditional Fe‐NC materials. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that incorporation of S in the second coordination sphere of Fe1‐NC can induce the transition of spin polarization configuration. Operando 57Fe Mössbauer spectra definitively identified the low spin single‐Fe3+‐atom of C‐FeN4‐S moiety as the active site for ORR. Moreover, DFT calculations unveiled that lower spin state of the Fe center after the S doping promotes OH* desorption process. This work elucidates the underlying mechanisms towards S doping for enhancing ORR activity, and paves a way to investigate the function of broader heteroatom doped Fe1‐NC catalysts to offer a general guideline for spin‐state‐determined ORR.
The enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of sulfur‐doped Fe‐N‐C single‐atom catalysts is studied from Fe spin‐state tuning. Operando 57Fe Mössbauer spectra monitoring further supported the low‐spin (LS) single‐Fe3+‐atom of the C‐FeN4‐S moiety as the active site for the ORR.
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an ideal model to study the relationship between the activity and the surface properties of catalysts. Defect engineering has been extensively developed to tune ...the electrocatalytic activity for OER. Compared to the anion vacancies in metal oxides, cation vacancies are more challenging to selectively generate, and the insight into the structure and activity of cation vacancies‐rich catalysts are lacked. Herein, using SnCoFe perovskite hydroxide as a precursor, abundant Sn vacancies on the surface were preferentially produced by Ar plasma. Sn vacancies could be preferentially produced as confirmed by the X‐ray absorption spectra, probably owing to the lower lattice energy and weaker chemical bonds of Sn(OH)4. The Sn vacancies promoted the exposure of active CoFe sites, resulting in an amorphous surface layer, modulated the conductivity, and thus enhanced the OER performance.
Argon plasma can ensure preferential Sn vacancies on the surface of SnCoFe perovskite hydroxide, which exhibits a much higher current density and a lower overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction.
The development of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts based on earth‐abundant nonprecious materials is critically important for sustainable large‐scale applications of fuel cells and ...metal–air batteries. Herein, a hetero‐single‐atom (h‐SA) ORR electrocatalyst is presented, which has atomically dispersed Fe and Ni coanchored to a microsized nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon support with unique trimodal‐porous structure configured by highly ordered macropores interconnected through mesopores. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra confirm that Fe‐ and Ni‐SAs are affixed to the carbon support via FeN4 and NiN4 coordination bonds. The resultant Fe/Ni h‐SA electrocatalyst exhibits an outstanding ORR activity, outperforming SA electrocatalysts with only Fe‐ or Ni‐SAs, and the benchmark Pt/C. The obtained experimental results indicate that the achieved outstanding ORR performance results from the synergetic enhancement induced by the coexisting FeN4 and NiN4 sites, and the superior mass‐transfer capability promoted by the trimodal‐porous‐structured carbon support.
A hetero‐single‐atom oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst is presented, which has atomically dispersed Fe and Ni coanchored to a microsized nitrogen‐doped carbon support with unique trimodal‐porous structure configured by ordered macropores interconnected through mesopores. The achieved outstanding ORR performance results from the synergetic enhancement induced by the coexisting FeN4 and NiN4 sites, and the superior mass‐transfer capability.
The design of high‐efficiency non‐noble bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is paramount for water splitting technologies and ...associated renewable energy systems. Spinel‐structured oxides with rich redox properties can serve as alternative low‐cost OER electrocatalysts but with poor HER performance. Here, zirconium regulation in 3D CoFe2O4 (CoFeZr oxides) nanosheets on nickel foam, as a novel strategy inducing bifunctionality toward OER and HER for overall water splitting, is reported. It is found that the incorporation of Zr into CoFe2O4 can tune the nanosheet morphology and electronic structure around the Co and Fe sites for optimizing adsorption energies, thus effectively enhancing the intrinsic activity of active sites. The as‐synthesized 3D CoFeZr oxide nanosheet exhibits high OER activity with small overpotential, low Tafel slope, and good stability. Moreover, it shows unprecedented HER activity with a small overpotential of 104 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline media, which is better than ever reported counterparts. When employing the CoFeZr oxides nanosheets as both anode and cathode catalysts for overall water splitting, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is achieved at the cell voltage of 1.63 V in 1.0 m KOH.
CoFe2O4 after incorporation of zirconium tunes the nanosheet morphology and electronic structure around the Co and Fe sites for optimizing the adsorption energies, thus effectively enhancing the intrinsic activity of the active sites. Thus, the as‐synthesized optimal electrocatalyst of 3D zirconium‐regulated CoFe2O4 (CoFeZr oxides) nanosheets exhibits superior bifunctional OER and HER activities for overall water splitting.
Poorly soluble drugs often encounter low bioavailability and erratic absorption patterns in the clinical setting. Due to the rising number of compounds having solubility issues, finding ways to ...enhance the solubility of drugs is one of the major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry today. Polymeric micelles, which form upon self-assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules, can act as solubilizing agents for delivery of poorly soluble drugs. This manuscript examines the fundamentals of polymeric micelles through reviews of representative literature and demonstrates possible applications through recent examples of clinical trial developments. In particular, the potential of polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, especially in the areas of oral delivery and in cancer therapy, is discussed. Key considerations in utilizing polymeric micelles’ advantages and overcoming potential disadvantages have been highlighted. Lastly, other possible strategies related to particle size reduction for enhancing solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs are introduced.
Ruthenium (Ru)‐based catalysts, with considerable performance and desirable cost, are becoming highly interesting candidates to replace platinum (Pt) in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction ...(HER). The hydrogen binding at Ru sites (Ru−H) is an important factor limiting the HER activity. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) simulations show that the essence of Ru−H binding energy is the strong interaction between the 4dz2
orbital of Ru and the 1s orbital of H. The charge transfer between Ru sites and substrates (Co and Ni) causes the appropriate downward shift of the 4dz2
‐band center of Ru, which results in a Gibbs free energy of 0.022 eV for H* in the RuCo system, much lower than the 0.133 eV in the pure Ru system. This theoretical prediction has been experimentally confirmed using RuCo alloy‐nanosheets (RuCo ANSs). They were prepared via a fast co‐precipitation method followed with a mild electrochemical reduction. Structure characterizations reveal that the Ru atoms are embedded into the Co substrate as isolated active sites with a planar symmetric and Z‐direction asymmetric coordination structure, obtaining an optimal 4dz2
modulated electronic structure. Hydrogen sensor and temperature program desorption (TPD) tests demonstrate the enhanced Ru−H interactions in RuCo ANSs compared to those in pure Ru nanoparticles. As a result, the RuCo ANSs reach an ultra‐low overpotential of 10 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 20.6 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, outperforming that of the commercial Pt/C. This holistic work provides a new insight to promote alkaline HER by optimizing the metal‐H binding energy of active sites.
Optimizing Ru−H adsorption/desorption efficiency, via adjusting the Ru 4dz2
orbital in RuCo alloy‐nanosheets, enables highly promoted alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. This optimized adsorption/desorption efficiency is demonstrated by the hydrogen sensor and temperature programmed desorption experiments. The RuCo alloy‐nanosheets possess a record low overpotential of 10 mV at 10 mA cm−2, superior to the commercial Pt/C and Ru/C.
The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) provides a promising strategy to convert the abundant but inert N2 into NH3 using renewable energy. Herein, single‐atom Au isolated onto ...bicontinous nanoporous MoSe2 (np‐MoSe2) is designed as an electrocatalyst for achieving highly efficient NRR catalysis, which exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 37.82% and an NH3 production rate of 30.83 µg h−1 mg−1 at –0.3 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 m Na2SO4 under ambient conditions. Experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the introduction of single Au atoms onto np‐MoSe2 optimizes the adsorption of NRR intermediates while suppressing the competing HER, thus providing an energetic‐favorable process for enhancing the catalytic selectivity toward electrochemical N2 reduction into NH3.
Single Au atoms/clusters isolated onto nanoporous MoSe2 catalyst is constructed by the combination of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and chemical etching. The resulting catalyst is highly active and stable toward electrochemical nitrogen reduction with a much higher ammonia yield (30.83 µg h−1 mg−1) and Faradaic efficiency (FE, 37.82%) than well‐studied Mo‐based catalysts. This work not only paves a favorable avenue for exploring and designing single‐atoms anchored onto 2D materials, but also provides insights into regulating the reaction pathway for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).
Abstract
Maximizing the catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts is vital for the application of single-atom catalysts in industrial water-alkali electrolyzers, yet the modulation of the catalytic ...properties of single-atom catalysts remains challenging. Here, we construct strain-tunable sulphur vacancies around single-atom Ru sites for accelerating the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction of single-atom Ru sites based on a nanoporous MoS
2
-based Ru single-atom catalyst. By altering the strain of this system, the synergistic effect between sulphur vacancies and Ru sites is amplified, thus changing the catalytic behavior of active sites, namely, the increased reactant density in strained sulphur vacancies and the accelerated hydrogen evolution reaction process on Ru sites. The resulting catalyst delivers an overpotential of 30 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
, a Tafel slope of 31 mV dec
−1
, and a long catalytic lifetime. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the activities of single-atom modified transition metal dichalcogenides catalysts by precise strain engineering.
Combining transition metal oxide catalysts with conductive carbonaceous material is a feasible way to improve the conductivity. However, the electrocatalytic performance is usually not distinctly ...improved because the interfacial resistance between metal oxides and carbon is still large and thereby hinders the charge transport in catalysis. Herein, the conductive interface between poorly conductive NiO nanoparticles and semi‐conductive carbon nitride (CN) is constructed. The NiO/CN exhibits much‐enhanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance than corresponding NiO and CN in electrolytes of KOH solution and phosphate buffer saline, which is also remarkably superior over NiO/C, commercial RuO2, and mostly reported NiO‐based catalysts. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectrum reveal that a metallic Ni–N bond is formed between NiO and CN. Density functional theory calculations suggest that NiO and CN linked by a Ni–N bond possess a low Gibbs energy for OER intermediate adsorptions, which not only improves the transfer of charge but also promotes the transmission of mass in OER. The metal–nitrogen bonded conductive and highly active interface pervasively exists between CN and other transition metal oxides including Co3O4, CuO, and Fe2O3, making it promising as an inexpensive catalyst for efficient water splitting.
The conductive interface between nickel oxide nanocrystals and polymer carbon nitride is produced by a Ni–N bond, which exhibits highly efficient performance in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.
Abstract
Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) is a promising non-precious catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Unfortunately, FePc with plane-symmetric FeN
4
site usually exhibits an ...unsatisfactory ORR activity due to its poor O
2
adsorption and activation. Here, we report an axial Fe–O coordination induced electronic localization strategy to improve its O
2
adsorption, activation and thus the ORR performance. Theoretical calculations indicate that the Fe–O coordination evokes the electronic localization among the axial direction of O–FeN
4
sites to enhance O
2
adsorption and activation. To realize this speculation, FePc is coordinated with an oxidized carbon. Synchrotron X-ray absorption and Mössbauer spectra validate Fe–O coordination between FePc and carbon. The obtained catalyst exhibits fast kinetics for O
2
adsorption and activation with an ultralow Tafel slope of 27.5 mV dec
−1
and a remarkable half-wave potential of 0.90 V. This work offers a new strategy to regulate catalytic sites for better performance.
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