A brain atlas of the carrion crow (Corvus corone) Kersten, Ylva; Friedrich‐Müller, Bettina; Nieder, Andreas
Journal of comparative neurology (1911),
December 2022, 2022-12-00, 20221201, Letnik:
530, Številka:
17
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Corvidae, passerine songbirds such as jays, crows, and ravens known as corvids, have become model systems for the study of avian cognition. The superior cognitive capabilities of corvids mainly ...emerge from a disproportionally large telencephalon found in these species. However, a systematic mapping of the neuroanatomy of the corvid brain, and the telencephalon in particular, is lacking so far. Here, we present a brain atlas of the carrion crow, Corvus corone, with special emphasis on the telencephalic pallium. We applied four staining techniques to brain slices (Nissl, myelin, combination of Nissl and myelin, and tyrosine hydroxylase targeting catecholaminergic neurons). This allowed us to identify brain nuclei throughout the brain and delineate the known pallial subdivisions termed hyperpallium, entopallium, mesopallium, nidopallium, arcopallium, and hippocampal complex. The extent of these subdivisions and brain nuclei are described according to stereotaxic coordinates. In addition, 3D depictions of pallial regions were reconstructed from these slices. While the overall organization of the carrion crow's brain matches other songbird brains, the relative proportions and expansions of associative pallial areas differ considerably in agreement with enhanced cognitive skills found in corvids. The presented global organization of the crow brain in stereotaxic coordinates will help to guide future neurobiological studies in corvids.
Kersten et al. present a brain atlas of the carrion crow, Corvus corone, a corvid songbird. Based on different staining techniques applied to brain slices and 3D reconstructions, the global organization of the crow brain is shown in stereotaxic coordinates. This atlas will help to compare avian species and guide future neurobiological studies of corvids.
The song system of songbirds (oscines) is one of the best studied neuroethological model systems. So far, it has been treated as a relatively constrained sensorimotor system. Songbirds such as crows, ...however, are also known for their capability to cognitively control their audio‐vocal system. Yet, the neuroanatomy of the corvid song system has never been explored systematically. We aim to close this scientific gap by presenting a stereotactic investigation of the extended song system of the carrion crow (Corvus corone), an oscine songbird of the corvid family that has become an interesting model system for cognitive neuroscience. In order to identify and delineate the song nuclei, the ascending auditory nuclei, and the descending vocal‐motor nuclei, four stains were applied. In addition to the classical Nissl‐, myelin‐, and a combination of Nissl‐and‐myelin staining, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase was used to reveal the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons (dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic) in the song system. We show that the crow brain contains the important song‐related nuclei, including auditory input and motor output structures, and map them throughout the brain. Fiber‐stained sections reveal putative connection patterns between the crow's song nuclei comparable to other songbirds.
The song system of songbirds (oscines) is one of the best explored neuroethological model systems. The study presents a histological investigation of the nuclei of the extended song system of the carrion crow (Corvus corone), a songbird of the corvid family that has become an interesting model system for cognitive neuroscience.
Although it is well known that visual stimuli affect olfactory performance, little is known about the reverse case: the influence of odor on visual performance. This study aimed to determine whether ...odors can enhance attention towards visually presented objects congruent with the odors. Sixty healthy participants were presented with four odors (orange, lavender, coffee, and liquorice) before and during the presentation of photographic slides containing one congruent and three incongruent objects with the presented odors. The participants’ visual attention was assessed as the total number and time of eye fixations by using an eye tracking system. When the participants smelled an odor, they looked more frequently and longer at a corresponding object as compared to the odorless condition. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate for the first time an olfactory priming effect on visual selective attention: odor can increase attention towards a congruent visual object as compared to a non-odor condition.
Physical strain is usually evaluated physiologically by using the heart rate (HR) or psychologically using scaled perceived exertion (PE). In order to explore the relationship between these ...approaches, we compared the series of both measurements taken simultaneously during work on a bicycle ergometer. A total of 29 participants aged between 27 and 41, 42 and 56, and 57 and 71 years took part in 28 minutes of cycling with systematically increased and decreased load as well as in 7 hours of continuous cycling with low to medium exertion, interrupted by brief peak loads at high to very high exertion levels. Results revealed that, while both measurements are suitable to capture physical strain, HR is not as specific as PE. The older participants further perceived comparable physical loads as more demanding as the younger participants. With an aging workforce, results have potential implications for the organisation of work places.
Practitioner Summary: The organisation of work processes is a key issue in the prevention of strain and hence of interest to ergonomists. Our study suggests that workers can, independent of age, perform physical work all day as long as they work at subjectively equal, moderate intensities.
In Dükers action theory Anspannung, which we translated as “psychological tension” (PT), is described as a directly experienced valid indicator for the extent of mental strain. In German-speaking ...regions the Category Partitioning technique (CP) has proven to be a useful method for accurately quantifying the experienced PT. Outside Germany, however, the concept of PT and the CP technique for measuring it have found little resonance, as it seemed that the central terms could not be meaningfully translated into English. To challenge these language barriers, test the applicability and usefulness of the PT concept, and evaluate the CP scaling method, we used the CP technique to quantify the level of PT required by 32 imagined everyday situations. To do this we adapted descriptions of the everyday situations from the German into English, Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin Chinese, and enrolled N = 158 participants from five countries (Canada, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). The results show a remarkable agreement between the data collected in the five cohorts. The experimental data point to the universality of the experience of mental load in culturally and linguistically diverse societies. They also point to the need to design scaling techniques so that respondents can describe their immediate sensations as they would in everyday life.
Unidade do Ordenamento Jurídico Müller, Friedrich
Revista Opinião Jurídica,
07/2017, Letnik:
15, Številka:
20
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Uma expressão que encerra múltiplas atividades, a Unidade do ordenamento jurídico é tomada como uma característica ou axioma ou postulado do Direito. Filha do Direito Natural de tradução ...racionalista, foi adotada pelo Direito Positivo. No que toca a unidade como um todo e enquanto unidade da Constituição, a análise apresentada é conduzida sob os aspectos racionais, históricos e positivistas, assim como sob a orientação da teoria estruturante do Direito. A conclusão é que a Unidade do ordenamento jurídico – como um dado ou uma meta inspiradora da prática jurídica – é ilusória.
Texto em domínio público, originalmente publicado em 1873. MÜLLER, Friedrich Max. First lecture. In: MÜLLER, Friedrich Max. Introduction to the science of religion: four lectures. Londres: Longmans, ...1882. pp. 01-51.
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using hypnotic enhancement of auditory suggestion to induce lucid dreams in inexperienced individuals. Lucid dreaming, a state in which the dreamer ...becomes aware of their dream state, provides opportunities for personal exploration, sports, and clinical applications. However, the rarity of lucid dreams poses a challenge to scientific exploration, making reliable induction methods essential. The study tested the efficacy of acoustic suggestion, hypnotic enhancement, and acoustic stimulation without suggestion as a control condition. Based on strict criteria, in which a lucid dream is verified by the dreamer, the external raters, and eye movements, 3%, 6%, and 6% of total dream reports were scored as lucid in the control, acoustic suggestion, and hypnosis conditions, respectively. Of the 10 participants, one reported lucidity in the control condition, whereas two participants reported lucidity in both experimental conditions. The study concludes that acoustic suggestion evokes more lucid dreams than nonsuggestive stimulation but is not further enhanced by hypnosis. Moreover, the induction methods employed in the study enabled inexperienced participants to learn lucid dreaming within a few days.
In the Western Alps, the ocean-derived Lago di Cignana Unit of the Piemonte Zone has experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. We have studied the minerals of two eclogite samples from this unit ...using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to characterise their microstructures. These microstructures are the result of deformation, phase transformation and reactions and allow conclusions on the processes that had generated them. The goal of this process-oriented paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the formation and exhumation of ultrahigh pressure eclogites. In our TEM-study we found omphacite, amphibole (barroisite, glaucophane, hornblende), clinozoisite, garnet, albite, and thin layers of chlorite and mica in amphibole.
The omphacite is well-ordered and has the space-group
P2/n. We observed antiphase domains (APDs), dislocations that are organised in small-angle grain boundaries, and – very rare – crystallographic shear planes parallel to (010) and (110). Deformation twin lamellae on (100) have not been observed. Most interesting is the first observation of faults parallel to (110) in a natural omphacite. They are due to deformation.
Chain multiplicity faults are common in the amphibole grains. In one case, the orientation of crystallographic shear planes was not only parallel to (010), but also parallel to (130) and (−
110). Clinozoisite showed deformation twin lamellae on (100) with widths of a few nm up to about 50 nm. Dislocations organised into a small-angle grain boundary have been found, which have not been described before. The garnet is almost free of dislocations.
While there are differences regarding the deformation microstructures from the UHP Lago di Cignana eclogite and other HP occurrences, it is unlikely that these are due to higher pressures. It is much more likely that the whole formation and exhumation history of the different geological units and the individual positions of the collected rocks within them are reflected in their microstructures.
A tentative correlation of the omphacite microstructures with the P–T path of the Lago di Cignana Unit is presented. An important point is the early crystallisation of
C2/c-omphacite at a temperature below 500 °C, perhaps around 400 °C. The low temperature prevents rapid diffusion-controlled ordering to P2/nomphacite and thus enables deformation of the metastable
C2/c-omphacite. Since
C2/c-omphacite is more easily to deform than
P2/n-omphacite, this may influence the interplate coupling. The onset of the transition to
P2/n-omphacite, however, will increase the shear strength of eclogite and the coupling with the overriding plate, which may slow-down the subduction and finally stop it.
In den letzten Jahren ist ein gesteigerter Bedarf vieler Fachdisziplinen an bereitgestellten Geoinformationen und Forschungsanwendungen mit GIS-Komponente(n) zu verzeichnen. Im Hinblick auf die ...digitale Transformation von Bibliotheken und den damit verbundenen fortschreitenden technischen und informationswissenschaftlichen Möglichkeiten wie Methoden des Text und Data Mining stehen zudem viele raumzeitliche Informationen in Bibliotheken zur Verfügung. In diesem Kontext gibt dieser Artikel einen exemplarischen Überblick über bereits vorhandene Entwicklungen in Bibliotheken weltweit, nennt Perspektiven der Erschließung und Nutzung von Geoinformationen für einen gewinnbringenden, zukunftsorientierten Einsatz und zeigt auf, welche Komponenten und Services in Zukunft von Bibliotheken angeboten werden könnten.
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