•Method development for measuring emotional response to food is rising.•Cognitive explicit measures have been the main focus of research.•Most studies focus on methodology as opposed to product ...effects.•Questionnaires are more discriminating of positive emotions.•Implicit measures are more discriminating of negative emotions.•Combining measures may give better insights into emotional drivers of food choice.
Traditional consumer acceptance and preference testing rarely predicts food choice behaviour accurately. Increased interest in focusing on the total consumer experience, examining the relationship between the food and the consumer, and understanding that emotional processing drives human actions has led to the development of several instruments to capture consumer response beyond hedonic liking. This review aimed to identify and provide a comprehensive overview of the tools that have been used to measure emotion, implicitly and explicitly, in relation to food in the context of food behaviour. A second aim was to highlight the relative merits of key methodologies, research gaps and, based on the review findings, provide some recommendations for selecting food-evoked emotional response measures. The studies were assessed qualitatively using a 2 level (implicit, explicit) × 3 level (cognitive, behavioural, physiological) categorisation framework to conduct an exhaustive overview of measures used in current research. A total of 193 peer-reviewed studies evaluating consumer emotional response to food published January 1997-March 2021 were identified, classified, and reviewed. Particularly, the why, when, what, where, who, and how of measuring food evoked emotion was discussed. No one “go-to” method to measure consumer emotional responses was evident and the optimal approach remains unknown. Several studies highlighted that, in principle, combining multiple measures would provide a clearer multidimensional insight into consumer emotional responses influencing consumer food choice behaviour. However, a clear gap remains in research investigating how emotional responses contribute to formulate better sensory experience and/or predict food choice.
The appearance of food products has a critical impact on consumer perception and acceptability; however, there is little information available that robustly measures the appearance of food from a ...human perspective with the potential to quantitatively inform product developers on how their products are visually perceived and directions for modification. This study demonstrates a successful case of trained sensory panels differentiating the visual appearance presented in 145 non-reconstituted milk powder samples, representing 11 different types of milk powders, using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) sensory method. The results obtained from nonparametric statistical analyses implied significant differences in certain attributes, yielding a clear discrimination between the different milk powders. Furthermore, an additional study, consisting of four repeated assessments of 10 selected samples, suggested high test-retest reliability within and between the testing days. Overall, results from this study indicate the potential of RATA for characterisation of visual appearance of food products using trained panellists.
Abstract Objective To report the surgical technique of ovarian cancer resection at the porta hepatis (PH) and hepato-celiac lymph nodes (HCL). To assess surgical and survival outcomes. Define the ...accuracy of an integrated diagnostic pathway. Methods Patients with FIGO stage IIIC–IV ovarian cancer that underwent Visceral-Peritoneal Debulking (VPD). Data of patients with disease at the PH/HCL during VPD were extracted from our database. The CT scan findings were compared with the exploratory laparoscopy. Accuracy of CT scan, intra- and post-operative morbidity, rate of complete resection (CR), disease free and overall survival are reported. Results Thirty one patients out of 216 (14.3%) had tumor at the PH and/or HCL. In 8 patients out of 31 (25.8%) it was only found with the aid of the exploratory laparoscopy. CR was achieved in 28 patients out of 31 (90.3%). Pathology confirmed disease in the PH/HCL specimens of all but one patient. Overall morbidity relating to the VPD was 29.2%. No complication was specifically related to the PH/HCL. Median disease free survival was 19 months and median overall survival was 42 months. Conclusion PH/HCL surgery was required in 15% of patients with FIGO stage IIIC–IV. The surgery was feasible, safe and significantly contributed to CR. CT scan failed to identify the disease in 31% of the patients. CT and laparoscopy correctly identified all patients.
Physiology of the retrocalcaneal bursa Canoso, J J; Liu, N; Traill, M R ...
Annals of the rheumatic diseases,
11/1988, Letnik:
47, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
To clarify the function of the retrocalcaneal bursa the hindfoot was studied by magnetic resonance imaging at various positions of the ankle joint. In normal individuals a tongue-like extension of ...the retromalleolar fat pad entered the bursa during plantar flexion as the angle between Achilles tendon and calcaneus widened. The reverse occurred in dorsiflexion. In contrast, in a patient with spondyloarthritis and retrocalcaneal bursitis excessive cavitary fluid prevented the intrusion of the fat pad. The sliding motion of the fat pad in and out of the bursa during ankle motion allows a more caudal, advantageous insertion of the Achilles tendon into the calcaneus.
A lethal and extensively characterized familial form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is due to a point mutation (Arg403Gln) in the cardiac β-myosin heavy chain gene. Although this is associated ...with abnormal energy metabolism and progression to heart failure in an animal model, in vivo cardiac energetics have not been characterized in patients with this mutation. Noninvasive phosphorus saturation transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the adenosine triphosphate supplied by the creatine kinase (CK) reaction and phosphocreatine, the heart's primary energy reserve, in 9 of 10 patients from a single kindred with HC caused by the Arg403GIn mutation and 17 age-matched healthy controls. Systolic and diastolic function was assessed by echocardiography in all 10 patients with HC. The patients with HC had impairment of diastolic function and mild systolic dysfunction, when assessed using global systolic longitudinal strain. Myocardial phosphocreatine was significantly decreased by 24% in patients (7.1 ± 2.3 μmol/g) compared with the controls (9.4 ± 1.2 μmol/g; p = 0.003). The pseudo-first-order CK rate-constant was 26% lower (0.28 ± 0.15 vs 0.38 ± 0.07 s−1 , p = 0.035) and the forward CK flux was 44% lower (2.0 ± 1.4 vs 3.6 ± 0.9 μmol/g/s, p = 0.001) than in the controls. The contractile abnormalities did not correlate with the metabolic indexes. In conclusion, myocardial phosphocreatine and CK-ATP delivery are significantly reduced in patients with HC caused by the Arg403Gln mutation, akin to previous results from mice with the same mutation. A lack of a relation between energetic and contractile abnormalities suggests the former result from the sarcomeric mutation and not a late consequence of mechanical dysfunction.
Using 3-D FLASH, high resolution, very thin section T1 weighted images of the CNS, spine, and extremities can be obtained. From these single data sets, reformatted images whose resolution is equal to ...that of the original data set can be constructed in any desired plane. This approach may lead to the replacement of conventional T1 weighted spin echo imaging by 3-D FLASH techniques.
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