Diffusive intracellular and extracellular ions induce a gradient electromagnetic field that regulates membrane potential, and energy injection from external stimuli breaks the energy balance between ...the magnetic and electric fields in a cell. Indeed, any activation of biophysical function and self-adaption of biological neurons may be dependent on energy flow, and synapse connection is controlled to reach energy balance between neurons. When more neurons are clustered and gathered closely, field energy is exchanged and shape formation is induced to achieve local energy balance. As a result, the coexistence of multiple firing modes in neural activities is fostered to prevent the occurrence of bursting synchronization and seizure. In this review, a variety of biophysical neuron models are presented and explained in terms of their physical aspects, and the controllability of functional synapses, formation of heterogeneity, and defects are clarified for knowing the synchronization stability and cooperation between functional regions. These models and findings are summarized to provide new insights into nonlinear physics and computational neuroscience.
We disclose an efficient one‐pot transformation of trifluorodiazoethane and higher perfluorinated homologues with various nitroolefins. This method takes advantage of the nitro group as a traceless ...activating and directing group (TADG) that is released in the aromatization step to produce 4‐substituted 3‐perfluoroalkyl pyrazoles with complete regioselectivity. The potential of this method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of penthiopyrad.
Leaves discreetly when the job is done: A one‐pot reaction of trifluorodiazoethane and higher perfluorinated homologues with various nitroolefins takes advantage of the nitro group as a traceless activating and directing group that is released in the aromatization step to produce 4‐substituted 3‐perfluoroalkyl pyrazoles with complete regioselectivity (see scheme). The method was applied to the synthesis of the fungicide penthiopyrad.
The nervous system is composed of a large number of neurons, and the electrical activities of neurons can present multiple modes during the signal transmission between neurons by changing intrinsic ...bifurcation parameters or under appropriate external forcing. In this review, the dynamics for neuron, neuronal network is introduced, for example, the mode transition in electrical activity, functional role of autapse connection, bifurcation verification in biological experiments, interaction between neuron and astrocyte, noise effect, coherence resonance, pattern formation and selection in network of neurons. Finally, some open problems in this field such as electromagnetic radiation on electrical activities of neuron, energy consumption in neurons are presented.
This paper studies the active fault-tolerant control (FTC) problem for nonidentical high-order multi-agent systems, in the presence of actuator faults and network disconnections. The follower agents ...are enabled to track the output of a leader agent in faulty cases, by performing output feedback actuator fault compensations and distributed accommodations of network disconnections. In view of nonidentical nonlinearities, a high-gain observer like-protocol and a cooperative FTC controller are presented, with a synchronization condition to govern the global behavior in undirected/directed graphs. To distributively achieve the synchronization condition by updating local controller parameters, two broadcast mechanisms are presented on a spanning tree (for undirected graphs) and a cycle containing all nodes (for directed graphs). To ensure the tolerance to disconnections, the proposed broadcast mechanisms are redesigned by adding redundant information flows on spanning trees (for undirected graphs) and cycles containing all nodes (for directed graphs).
In this letter, we consider cooperative spectrum sensing based on energy detection in cognitive radio networks. Soft combination of the observed energies from different cognitive radio users is ...investigated. Based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion, we obtain an optimal soft combination scheme that maximizes the detection probability for a given false alarm probability. Encouraged by the performance gain of soft combination, we further propose a new softened hard combination scheme with two-bit overhead for each user and achieve a good tradeoff between detection performance and complexity.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have aroused wide interest in lithium batteries because of their sufficient mechanical properties, superior safety performances, and excellent processability. ...However, ionic conductivity and high‐voltage compatibility of SPEs are still yet to meet the requirement of future energy‐storage systems, representing significant barriers to progress. In this regard, intermolecular interactions in SPEs have attracted attention, and they can significantly impact on the Li+ motion and frontier orbital energy level of SPEs. Recent advances in improving electrochemcial performance of SPEs are reviewed, and the underlying mechanism of these proposed strategies related to intermolecular interaction is discussed, including ion–dipole, hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and Lewis acid–base interactions. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on this critical issue, which can pave new pathway to improve ionic conductivity and high‐voltage performance of SPEs.
Intermolecular interactions, including ion–dipole, hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and Lewis acid–base interactions, significantly impact on Li+ motion and high‐voltage compatibility of solid polymer electrolytes. The effect and underlying mechanism of intermolecular interactions on electrochemcial performance are discussed, aiming to provide a new concept for the development of high‐energy‐density solid lithium batteries.
Dysbiosis, departure of the gut microbiome from a healthy state, has been suggested to be a powerful biomarker of disease incidence and progression
. Diagnostic applications have been proposed for ...inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and prognosis
, colorectal cancer prescreening
and therapeutic choices in melanoma
. Noninvasive sampling could facilitate large-scale public health applications, including early diagnosis and risk assessment in metabolic
and cardiovascular diseases
. To understand the generalizability of microbiota-based diagnostic models of metabolic disease, we characterized the gut microbiota of 7,009 individuals from 14 districts within 1 province in China. Among phenotypes, host location showed the strongest associations with microbiota variations. Microbiota-based metabolic disease models developed in one location failed when used elsewhere, suggesting that such models cannot be extrapolated. Interpolated models performed much better, especially in diseases with obvious microbiota-related characteristics. Interpolation efficiency decreased as geographic scale increased, indicating a need to build localized baseline and disease models to predict metabolic risks.
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•Titanate nanotubes (TNTS) were employed as a catalyst support of CoFe2O4.•TNTs could promise small size and good dispersion of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.•CoFe2O4/TNTs hybrid exhibited ...better catalytic efficiency than sole CoFe2O4.•The hybrid also showed enhanced mineralization ability and less Co2+ leaching.
Magnetic spinel ferrites, as heterogeneous catalysts to generate powerful radicals from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of organic pollutants, have received much attention in recent years due to the characteristic of environmental benefits. In this study, with titanate nanotubes (TNTs) as catalyst support, a novel CoFe2O4/TNTs hybrid was constructed by an impregnation-calcination method. Characterization results revealed that TNTs support could promise small size and good dispersion of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Compared to the pure CoFe2O4, the as-prepared CoFe2O4/TNTs not only exhibited better performance in catalytic decomposition of Rhodamine B, but also realized higher total organic carbon removal and less cobalt leaching, which could be attributed to the enhanced catalytic ability from smaller CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and the unique ion-exchange ability from TNTs support. Some influential factors, including reaction temperature, dosages of PMS and CoFe2O4/TNTs, and pH values were investigated and analyzed. Moreover, CoFe2O4/TNTs maintained its catalytic efficiency during the repeated batch experiments and also displayed functional advantages in the catalytic degradation of phenol. We believe the CoFe2O4/TNTs hybrid can be an efficient and green heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants, and this study provides insights into the rational design and development of alternative catalysts for wastewater treatment.
One of the newest fluorine compounds is the enantiopure trifluoromethylated molecule. Information about nantiopure trifluoromethylated molecules is presented.
