Triticale, a hybrid species between wheat and rye, is one of the newest additions to the plant kingdom with a very short history of improvement. It has very limited genomic resources because of its ...large and complex genome. Objectives of this study were to generate dense marker data, understand genetic diversity, population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and estimate accuracies of commonly used genomic selection (GS) models on forage yield of triticale. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), using PstI and MspI restriction enzymes for reducing genome complexity, was performed on a triticale diversity panel (n = 289). After filtering for biallelic loci with more than 70% genome coverage, and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05, de novo variant calling identified 16,378 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Sequences of these variants were mapped to wheat and rye reference genomes to infer their homologous groups and chromosome positions. About 45% (7430), and 58% (9500) of the de novo identified SNPs were mapped to the wheat and rye reference genomes, respectively. Interestingly, 28.9% (2151) of the 7430 SNPs were mapped to the D genome of hexaploid wheat, indicating substantial substitution of the R genome with D genome in cultivated triticale. About 27% of marker pairs were in significant LD with an average r2 > 0.18 (P < 0.05). Genome-wide LD declined rapidly to r2 < 0.1 beyond 10 kb physical distance. The three sub-genomes (A, B, and R) showed comparable LD decay patterns. Genetic diversity and population structure analyses identified five distinct clusters. Genotype grouping did not follow prior winter vs spring-type classification. However, one of the clusters was largely dominated by winter triticale. GS accuracies were estimated for forage yield using three commonly used models with different training population sizes and marker densities. GS accuracy increased with increasing training population size while gain in accuracy tended to plateau with marker densities of 2000 SNPs or more. Average GS accuracy was about 0.52, indicating the potential of using GS in triticale forage yield improvement.
Gossypium raimondii is a Verticillium wilt-resistant cotton species whose genome encodes numerous disease resistance genes that play important roles in the defence against pathogens. However, the ...characteristics of resistance gene analogues (RGAs) and Verticillium dahliae response loci (VdRLs) have not been investigated on a global scale. In this study, the characteristics of RGA genes were systematically analysed using bioinformatics-driven methods. Moreover, the potential VdRLs involved in the defence response to Verticillium wilt were identified by RNA-seq and correlations with known resistance QTLs.
The G. raimondii genome encodes 1004 RGA genes, and most of these genes cluster in homology groups based on high levels of similarity. Interestingly, nearly half of the RGA genes occurred in 26 RGA-gene-rich clusters (Rgrcs). The homology analysis showed that sequence exchanges and tandem duplications frequently occurred within Rgrcs, and segmental duplications took place among the different Rgrcs. An RNA-seq analysis showed that the RGA genes play roles in cotton defence responses, forming 26 VdRLs inside in the Rgrcs after being inoculated with V. dahliae. A correlation analysis found that 12 VdRLs were adjacent to the known Verticillium wilt resistance QTLs, and that 5 were rich in NB-ARC domain-containing disease resistance genes.
The cotton genome contains numerous RGA genes, and nearly half of them are located in clusters, which evolved by sequence exchanges, tandem duplications and segmental duplications. In the Rgrcs, 26 loci were induced by the V. dahliae inoculation, and 12 are in the vicinity of known Verticillium wilt resistance QTLs.
To explore the feasibility and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in treating uterine fibroids.Ninety patients with multiple uterine fibroids, who had undergone hysterectomy were included in the ...study. After the uterus was resected, the temperature of 60, 80, 100°C were adopted to ablate the in vitro fibroid with each temperature dealing with 30 patients. Simultaneously, 5 patients were included, whose in vivo fibroid were ablated with the temperature of 100°C before the fibroids were removed after laparotomy. After the fibroids were ablated, the smooth muscle in the ablated center (group A), the ablated edge (group B) and 1 cm away from the ablated edge (group C) were taken. Then, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to examine the histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR).After radiofrequency ablation, the ablated lesions were round, toast tan, and dry on gross appearance. There were no obvious tissue carbonization and there were distinct boundary from periphery tissue. In vitro: On automated analysis, the average optical density of ER and PR in group A, B, and C was lower than the control group (P < 0.05), and which were gradually raised with the increased distance to electrode. In the same treatment group, ER optical density was gradually decreased with the increased temperature among 3 different groups. The PR optical density was decreased with the increased temperature under different temperatures in group A and group B, there was significant difference among groups (P < 0.05). But in group C, there was no difference in PR expression among the temperature of 60, 80, and 100°C (P > 0.05). In vivo: Compared with the control group, the average optical density of ER and PR were significantly different among group A, B, and C (P < 0.05), what's more, it was gradually raised with the increased distance to electrode.After radiofrequency ablation, the tissues displayed coagulative necrosis, and decreased ER and PR expression. Radiofrequency ablation may be considered a minimally invasive alternative for those women who wish to retain their reproductive potential. Eighty degree Celsius was expected to be the optimum temperature in radiofrequency ablation treatment of uterine fibroid.
Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction. However, little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder (IGD).
To investigate the ...gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD.
We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 123 participants, including 59 IGD individuals (26 females) and 64 matched recreational game users (RGUs, 23 females). Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning. We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity. We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures, and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity.
We found significant gender-by-group interactions. The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).
analysis indicated that, for females, RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions, while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs. The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females. In males, the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity.
Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction. Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males (time sensitivity) and females (discount rate). These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.
Malocclusion is a common oral disease. Fixed appliance technology is the most common and effective malocclusion orthodontic treatment method, and the key step of fixed appliance technology is the ...bending of orthodontic archwire. Because the slip warping phenomenon exists in the process of orthodontic archwire bending, it is difficult to realize rapid and accurate bending of the customized orthodontic archwires. A bending springback mechanism model considering the slip warping of the archwire in the process of bending is established. The influence of the slip warping phenomenon of the archwire between the fixed mold and the rotation mold is considered in the analysis of the springback mechanism. The bending process of archwire is divided into two stages: elastic deformation and plastic deformation, based on the variety of the bending radius in the bending process. A springback mechanism model of the orthodontic archwire is established. The springback mechanism model of the orthodontic archwire is analyzed and compensated based on the characteristics of the robot structure. An archwire bending experiment is carried out to verify the correctness of the springback mechanism model of the orthodontic archwire.
A consensus map of rye (Secale cereale L.) was constructed using JoinMap 2.0 based on mapping data from five different mapping populations, including 'UC90' x 'E-line', 'P87' x 'P105', 'I₀.₁-line' x ...'I₀.₁-line', 'E-line' x 'R-line', and 'Ds2' x 'RxL10'. The integration of the five mapping populations resulted in a 779-cM map containing 501 markers with the number of markers per chromosome ranging from 57 on 1R to 86 on 4R. The linkage sizes ranged from 71.5 cM on 2R to 148.7 cM on 4R. A comparison of the individual maps to the consensus map revealed that the linear locus order was generally in good agreement between the various populations, but the 4R orientations were not consistent among the five individual maps. The 4R short arm and long arm assignments were switched between the two population maps involving the 'E-line' parent and the other three individual maps. Map comparisons also indicated that marker order variations exist among the five individual maps. However, the chromosome 5R showed very little marker order variation among the five maps. The consensus map not only integrated the linkage data from different maps, but also greatly increased the map resolution, thus, facilitating molecular breeding activities involving rye and triticale.
The measure technology of static friction coefficient of traffic engineering communication and cable ducts by using inclined plane method is introduced in this paper. The calibrated method for that ...equipment system of static friction coefficient is discussed, furthermore.
We show in a certain Lie-algebra, the connections between the Lie subalgebra G+ := G-t-G* 4- G, G*, generated by a Lie subalgebra G, and the properties of G. This allows us to investigate some useful ...information about the structure of such two Lie subalgehras. Some results on the relations between the two Lie subalgebras are obtained. As an application, we get the following conclusion: Let ,4 C /3(2d) be a space of self-adjoint operators and L: := A ~ i~4 the corresponding complex Lie*-algebra. G+ = G 4- G* 4- G, G* and G are two LM-decomposable Lie subalgebras of L: with the decomposition 6+ = 7~(6+) 4- S, G -- T~~ 4- 86, and T~6 C T~(6+). Then 6+ is ideally finite iff T~ := 7~6 4- ~ 4- T~6,7~ is a quasisolvable Lie subalgebra, S~- := 86 4- S~ 4- $6, $~ is an ideally finite semisimple Lie subalgebra, and 7~6,86 = R.~, 86 = {0}.
A male sterile plant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) segregated from progenies of a transgenic family containing the leaf senescence-inhibition gene P SAG₁₂ -IPT in the genetic background of ‘Xinong ...1376', a well adapted winter wheat cultivar. The male sterile plant (named TR1376A) showed no phenotypic changes, except for florets and male organs, compared to its male fertile sibling plants (named TR1376B). The glumes and florets of male sterile TR1376A plants widely opened whereas those of the fertile counterpart TR1376B were closed or opened only briefly at flowing. Anthers of TR1376A were slender and indehiscent, and failed to release pollen. Compared to TR1376B, TR1376A anthers contained greatly reduced amounts of pollen, which was inviable or weakly viable. Ultra-structure studies indicated that cells in the endothecium and middle layers of the anther wall were dissolved or poorly developed in the sterile anthers of TR1376A. Molecular studies showed that the male sterility of TR1376A was caused by a sequence deletion or mutation that occurred in the promoter region of the transgene. F₁ hybrids of TR1376A and TR1376B gave 1:1 segregation of male fertility to sterility, indicating that the male sterility of TR1376A was heritable and controlled by a single dominant gene (named Ms1376). To date, only a few dominant nuclear male sterility genes have been characterized and one of them (Ms2) has been successfully used to improve wheat cultivars through recurrent breeding strategies. The discovery of the Ms1376 gene provides another dominant male sterile source for establishing recurrent breeding systems in wheat.