Understanding disturbance effects on species diversity and functional diversity is fundamental to conservation planning but remains elusive. We quantified species richness, diversity, and evenness ...and functional richness, diversity, and evenness of riparian and upland plants along 24 small streams subjected to a range of anthropogenic disturbances in the boreal forest of northwestern Ontario, Canada. We included a total of 36 functional traits related to productivity, competitive ability, reproduction, disturbance tolerance, life history, and tolerance to habitat instability. Using nested ANOVA, we examined the response of diversity indices to disturbance and whether it followed the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) and varied with habitat stability. We found that, like species richness and diversity, functional richness and diversity reached peaks at moderate disturbance intensity; functional diversity followed the predictions of the IDH. Second, disturbance–habitat‐stability coupling has very little effect on overall species and functional diversity, but the effect on particular life forms and functions may be significant. Since species richness and diversity patterns are context and system dependent, our findings should be most applicable to similar temperate riparian systems.
Many nutrient-poor coarse-textured Kalmia L.–black spruce forest sites in eastern Canada turn to ericaceous heath dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. after clearcutting and fire. While the mechanisms ...of post-fire forest and heath formation have been well documented, the origin of shrub savanna vegetation has received limited attention. This study demonstrates the significance of post-fire island regeneration of black spruce in Kalmia heath to the origin of shrub savannah alternate state. The study was conducted in Three Brooks, 10 km west of Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland (48°51′ N; 55°37′ E). Black spruce forest in the site was clearcut, then a wildfire burned the area, and the site was subsequently planted with black spruce. Plant species cover, black spruce growth (stem density, stem height, basal diameter, and yearly volume increment), and foliar nutrients of planted spruce and soil properties (pH, humus and Ae horizon depth, and nutrients) in tree islands were compared with adjacent Kalmia heath. Black spruce islands had significantly lower cover of Kalmia and higher stem density of black spruce compared to Kalmia heath (7100 stems/ha in islands vs. 1920 stems/ha in heath). Height, basal diameter, and yearly volume increment of black spruce were more than three times higher in spruce islands than in Kalmia heath. Foliar nutrients of black spruce growing in Kalmia heath had significantly lower N and Mg (33 and 38%, respectively) but had significantly higher Mn and Zn (46 and 33%, respectively) than in black spruce islands. Black spruce growth inhibition in Kalmia heath is attributed to soil nutrient imbalance due to Kalmia evidenced by reduced concentrations of N and Mg and increased concentrations of Al, Fe, and other inorganic ions in the foliage. These results suggest that post-fire black spruce islands in severely burned patches provide “safe sites” for spruce regeneration, whereas Kalmia heath developing in non-severe burn area inhibits spruce regeneration and creates shrub savannah community as an alternate vegetation state.
The transformation temperatures, shape memory effect and superelasticity of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys are highly sensitive to variations in composition. A ternary shape memory alloy Cu–12.5
wt.% ...Al–5
wt.% Mn was chosen for the present study and different amounts (1, 2 and 3
wt.%) of quaternary elements Zn, Si, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mg, Cr and Ti were added to the ternary (base) alloy. The influence of quaternary additions on shape memory characteristics of these alloys was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, bend and tensile test. Zn and Ni as quaternary additions were found to increase the transformation temperatures, whereas Fe, Cr, Ti, Si and Mg decrease them. These additions were found to increase the extent of strain recovery by shape memory effect, whereas decrease the superelasticity of the alloys.
Four sets of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys, in the range of 10–15
wt.% of aluminum and 0–10
wt.% of manganese, were prepared by ingot metallurgy. The Al content was kept constant, whereas the Mn ...content was varied in two sets. The Mn content was kept constant in the other two sets, whereas the Al content was varied. The transformation temperatures, shape memory and superelastic behavior of these SMAs are highly sensitive to variations in aluminum and manganese content. The influence of variation in aluminum and manganese on these properties has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, bend and tensile tests. With an increase in the aluminum and manganese concentrations of the alloy, the martensite morphology is modified and the transformation temperatures decrease. A linear regression analysis correlates the changes in aluminum and manganese concentration to the variations in the transformation temperatures. There is no appreciable variation in the shape memory effect with variation in the concentrations of aluminum and manganese. On the other hand, an increase in the aluminum content decreases the superelasticity of the alloys, while at the same time an increase in the manganese content increases it.
Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys in the range of 10–15
wt.% of aluminum and 0–10
wt.% of manganese, exhibiting β-phase at high temperatures and manifesting shape memory effect upon quenching to lower ...temperatures, were prepared through ingot metallurgy. The damping behavior of the alloys was studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The damping capacity of the alloys increases with an increase in the aluminum content when the Cu/Mn ratio or amount of manganese is maintained constant. The damping capacity of the alloys decreases with an increase in the manganese content when the Cu/Al ratio or the amount of aluminum is maintained constant. The alloys exhibit an internal friction peak in the transition zone and that all of them exhibit higher damping capacity in the martensitic condition compared with that in the austenitic condition. While ageing of the alloys at 300
°C increases the transformation temperatures of the alloys, there is a reduction in the damping capacity of the alloys due to the formation of precipitates. The alloys aged at 500
°C do not exhibit the austenite to martensite transformation due to the formation of precipitates rich in aluminum and therefore exhibit very poor damping capacity.
Dry sliding wear tests on Cu-Al-Mn Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) were performed in this study. The alloy was synthesised with the amount of manganese content varied as 5, 7, and 9 wt.% and the amount of ...aluminium was kept constant at 10.5 wt.% with the remaining copper. Dry sliding wear tests were carried out at different conditions of sliding speeds, sliding distances, and various load conditions. Experiments were carried out using Taguchi's technique to obtain an experimental design. The data were analysed using an L
27
orthogonal array. The wear rate (WR) and coefficient of friction (COF) were evaluated using the 'smaller is better' method approach. The main parameters affecting WR and COF were determined using ANOVA. The effects of applied load, sliding speed, sliding distance, and material on WR and COF are determined. The optimum combinations of parameters were set to achieve the lowest wear rate and highest COF. Finally, confirmation tests were conducted to ensure that the experimental results were accurate. After the wear test, the sample texture was observed and analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Cu–Al–Mn ternary shape memory alloys (SMAs) were synthesized and investigated for their surface roughness (Ra). Cu–Al–Mn SMAs were prepared through the ingot metallurgy method with aluminium (Al) ...content of 10–15 wt.% and manganese (Mn) content of 0-10wt.% and the rest is copper. After the heat treatment process, the alloy which exhibited an excellent shape memory effect was subjected to machinability studies in Wire EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining). In the context of Wire EDM, experiments were carried out using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array (OA). Taguchi's method was used to obtain the optimum value of surface roughness. The effects of pulse duration, pulse interval, and peak current on surface roughness were studied using a technique that combined orthogonal array (OA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained results revealed that peak current is the most significant factor affecting the Ra. From the Taguchi method, the best machining parameters combination settings are pulse duration (100 µs), pulse interval (32 µs), and peak current (1A) to meet the optimum value of surface roughness. The main purpose of the present investigation is to check for its machinability by identifying the machining performance, material behaviour and finally to optimise wire EDM machining parameters for Cu–Al–Mn SMAs using Taguchi’s optimization technique.
We studied the effect of shade on the phenology, growth, berry yield, and chemical content of two common blueberry species (
and
) in Northwestern Ontario. We hypothesized that high shade would delay ...vegetative and reproductive phenology and decrease berry yield by increasing resource allocation to vegetative vs. reproductive growth, whereas moderate shade would increase berry phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. We subjected transplanted blueberry plants to a controlled shade treatment and evaluated plant phenological events, vegetative and reproductive growth, berry phenolics, and antioxidant capacity. High shade caused an earlier leaf maturation in
delayed flowering in
, and prolonged fruit maturation in both. The berry yield of both species decreased with increasing shade. High shade reduced the berry phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, especially in
. We concluded that shade shifts species-specific vegetative and reproductive phenology, leading to a difference in resource acquisition, resulting in lower berry yield and antioxidant activity.
Predicting the relationships between disturbance, biodiversity and productivity of ecosystems continue to preoccupy ecologists and resource managers. Two hypotheses underpin many of the discussions. ...The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH), which proposes that biodiversity peaks at intermediate levels of disturbance, is often extended to predict that productivity follows the same response pattern. The Mass Ratio Hypothesis (MRH) proposes that the biological traits of the dominant species are the critical drivers of ecosystem function (e.g., productivity) and that these species increase in biomass rapidly after disturbance then stabilize. As a consequence, species diversity first peaks then declines after disturbance as a few species dominate the site. Both provide a conceptual link among disturbance, species diversity and productivity (an index of ecosystem function). We assessed the current state of empirical support for these two hypotheses with a literature survey and determined if their conformance is related to ecosystem type or site productivity. Conformance of IDH reported in past reviews (considering all ecosystems) ranged from 16 to 21%. This contrasts with our finding that in terrestrial ecosystems conformance to IDH was 46% (22 of 48 studies), 17% studies reported non-compliance, and 23% reported inconclusive results. Most studies explained their results with respect to IDH or MRH. Only two studies were specifically designed to test the validity of IDH or MRH. We conclude that (i) the IDH is mostly applicable to predict species diversity response to disturbance in upland sites of medium to high productivity and the MRH is applicable to organic sites of low productivity; (ii) there is a critical need for more studies specifically designed to test these hypotheses in natural ecosystems using common protocols; and (iii) enhanced understanding of these models will add value in refining management policies and in the selection of meaningful diversity indicators of sustainability.
Functional trait diversity is a popular tool in modern ecology, mainly used to infer assembly processes and ecosystem functioning. Patterns of functional trait diversity are shaped by ecological ...processes such as environmental filtering, species interactions and dispersal that are inherently spatial, and different processes may operate at different spatial scales. Adding a spatial dimension to the analysis of functional trait diversity may thus increase our ability to infer community assembly processes and to predict change in assembly processes following disturbance or land‐use change. Richness, evenness and divergence of functional traits are commonly used indices of functional trait diversity that are known to respond differently to large‐scale filters related to environmental heterogeneity and dispersal and fine‐scale filters related to species interactions (competition). Recent developments in spatial statistics make it possible to separately quantify large‐scale patterns (variation in local means) and fine‐scale patterns (variation around local means) by decomposing overall spatial autocorrelation quantified by Moran's coefficient into its positive and negative components using Moran eigenvector maps (MEM). We thus propose to identify the spatial signature of multiple ecological processes that are potentially acting at different spatial scales by contrasting positive and negative components of spatial autocorrelation for each of the three indices of functional trait diversity. We illustrate this approach with a case study from riparian plant communities, where we test the effects of disturbance on spatial patterns of functional trait diversity. The fine‐scale pattern of all three indices was increased in the disturbed versus control habitat, suggesting an increase in local scale competition and an overall increase in unexplained variance in the post‐disturbance versus control community. Further research using simulation modeling should focus on establishing the proposed link between community assembly rules and spatial patterns of functional trait diversity to maximize our ability to infer multiple processes from spatial community structure.
