Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of Auriculoscypha anacardiicola fruiting bodies were investigated. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated ...using DPPH, superoxide anion, FRAP, nitric oxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The extract was found to be a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. The extract showed significant DPPH scavenging activity (IC50: 31.36+/-2 micrograms/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (IC50: 3.4+/-0.5 micrograms/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity (IC50: 79.81+/-2.77 micrograms/mL). Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was determined using carrageenan induced acute and formalin induced chronic inflammatory models in Swiss albino mice. The extract showed profound acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity. The extract at 500 mg/kg body weight showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the standard reference drug diclofenac, administered at 10 mg/kg body weight, for both acute and chronic inflammation in mice. This is the first report of the medicinal properties of A. anacardiicola.
Auriculoscypha anacardiicola, an obligate insect-associate and a potential medicinal fungus, is isolated and studied in vitro. Suitable methods for isolation and cultivation of the fungus have been ...developed. Incubating spore deposits made to fall from basidiomata on tap water agar seems to be the best method for developing cultures. Successful isolations were also accomplished from infected coccids. Cultures could not be developed from single basidiospores and from tissues of the basidiomata. Although production of ballistospores and blastospores as well as germ tube formation were observed at the time of germination of basidiospores, budding blastospores alone produced mycelial cultures. Observations such as the inability of single basidiospores to germinate, emergence of mycelium from a spore deposit, and the apparent conjugation of yeast cells indicate that dikaryotization resulting from fusion of compatible yeast cells is essential for development of mycelium in A. anacardiicola. The fungus grew well on all complex media tested. It seems that a purely synthetic medium devoid of any growth factors cannot support the growth of A. anacardiicola and yeast extract seems to provide the required growth factors.
Anupama
gen. nov. is described from the Kerala State of India with a single species,
Anupama indica
sp. nov. In the field,
Anupama
can be characterized by its small to medium-sized, tricholomatoid ...basidiocarps lacking veils of any kind and growing on the soil, a brownish pileus with a glabrous, somewhat waxy surface, crowded, sinuate lamellae, and a solid, orange-gray stipe tapering towards the base. The diagnostic microscopic features include hyaline, smooth, inamyloid basidiospores, abundant cheilocystidia and scarce pleurocystidia, subregular lamellar trama, a cutis-type pileipellis, and clamped hyphae. The multigene phylogenetic analyses based on two independent data matrices revealed the taxonomic position of
Anupama
within the Biannulariaceae, in which it formed a lineage distinct from other genera. A taxonomic description, photographs of the basidiocarps in their natural habitat and the microscopic structures, comparisons with phenetically and phylogenetically related genera of the family, phylograms showing the placement of the new genus, and a key to the genera of the family are provided.
Five new species of Inocybe, I. iringolkavensis, I. keralensis, I. kuruvensis, I. muthangensis and I. wayanadensis, are described from Kerala state, India, based on morphological and molecular data. ...All are associated with trees belonging to Dipterocarpaceae. Inocybe iringolkavensis is characterized by nodulose to somewhat stellate basidiospores, 1-4-spored basidia, and caulocystidia restricted to the stipe apex. Inocybe keralensis has a yellowish brown pileus, lamellae with whitish, serrate edges, smooth, ellipsoidal basidiospores and a duplex pileipellis with the superficial hyphae devoid of encrustations and encrusted hyphae beneath. The diagnostic features of I. kuruvensis include a dark brown pileus, stipe with a whitish base and grayish brown, floccose-fibrillose surface, nodulose basidiospores with saddle-shaped projections and faintly encrusted paracystidia with refractive contents. Violet basidiomata with a rimose, hygrophanous pileus, densely pruinose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, and nodulose basidiospores are the major features of I. muthangensis. Inocybe wayanadensis is characterized by small, whitish basidiomata, a viscid pileus with a rimulose surface, a densely pruinose and fibrillose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, nodulose basidiospores, thick-walled pleuro- cheilo- and caulocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. The phylogenetic relationships of these new species are inferred from an analysis of nuc rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the 28S gene. Except I. keralensis, which belongs to the Pseudosperma clade, all other species belong to the Inocybe clade. This study represents the second report of an Inocybe species (I. muthangensis) that combines violet basidiomata with nodulose basidiospores.
Rhodophana squamulosa sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India. Comprehensive description, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. The nuclear ribosomal ...internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nLSU) and the nuclear second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) gene of the new species were sequenced and generated sequences deposited in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of rpb2 gene region supported the generic placement and species validity of the new species. This forms the first record of the genus Rhodophana from India.
•Rhodophana squamulosa sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India.•It is compared with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species.•Its phylogenetic relationships within the genus are discussed based on the rpb2 gene sequence data.
Two new bryophilous agarics from India Latha, K. P. Deepna; Raj, K.N. Anil; Paramban, Raihana ...
Mycoscience,
01/2015, Letnik:
56, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Two new bryophilous agarics, Galerina indica and Rickenella indica, are described from Kerala State, India. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar and ...phylogenetically related species are provided. Inferences of their phylogenetic relationships within the respective genera are provided based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. This forms the first record of the genus Rickenella from the entire tropics and the first report of a bryophilous Galerina from Kerala. Also, this is the first report of the association of the genera Galerina and Rickenella with the moss genera Leucobryum and Campylopus respectively.
•Galerina indica sp. nov. and Rickenella indica sp. nov. are described from India.•Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, and comparisons are provided.•Their phylogenetic relationships within the respective genera are discussed.•First record of the genus Rickenella from the tropics.•First report of a bryophilous Galerina from Kerala State, India.
A new species of Entoloma from India Raj, K.N. Anil; Latha, K.P. Deepna; Kumar, T.K. Arun ...
Mycoscience,
09/2014, Letnik:
55, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Entoloma luteofuscum sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India and is assigned to subgenus Nolanea. Comprehensive description, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar and ...phylogenetically related species are provided. Inferences of its phylogenetic relationships within the genus are provided based on the sequences of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.
•Entoloma luteofuscum sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India and is assigned to subgenus Nolanea.•Comprehensive description, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided.•Inferences of its phylogenetic relationships within the genus are provided based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence data.
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