Previous work found that 11Cdeschloroclozapine (11CDCZ) is superior to 11Cclozapine (11CCLZ) for imaging Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs). This study used PET to ...quantitatively and separately measure the signal from transfected receptors, endogenous receptors/targets, and non-displaceable binding in other brain regions to better understand this superiority. A genetically-modified muscarinic type-4 human receptor (hM4Di) was injected into the right amygdala of a male rhesus macaque. 11CDCZ and 11CCLZ PET scans were conducted 2–24 months later. Uptake was quantified relative to the concentration of parent radioligand in arterial plasma at baseline (n = 3 scans/radioligand) and after receptor blockade (n = 3 scans/radioligand). Both radioligands had greater uptake in the transfected region and displaceable uptake in other brain regions. Displaceable uptake was not uniformly distributed, perhaps representing off-target binding to endogenous receptor(s). After correction, 11CDCZ signal was 19% of that for 11CCLZ, and background uptake was 10% of that for 11CCLZ. Despite stronger 11CCLZ binding, the signal-to-background ratio for 11CDCZ was almost two-fold greater than for 11CCLZ. Both radioligands had comparable DREADD selectivity. All reference tissue models underestimated signal-to-background ratio in the transfected region by 40%–50% for both radioligands. Thus, the greater signal-to-background ratio of 11CDCZ was due to its lower background uptake.
Though neutrinos were first observed over 60 years ago, many interesting and fundamental questions remain to be answered. This paper provides a brief overview of neutrino oscillation physics (in the ...3-neutrino limit) and how it contributes to our overall understanding of neutrinos. Selected results from current long baseline and reactor experiments are discussed. The increasingly important role played by neutrino interaction physics in oscillation analyses is explored. Finally, the status and goals of selected future experiments are mentioned.
Two different nuclear-medium effects are isolated using a low three-momentum transfer subsample of neutrino-carbon scattering data from the MINERvA neutrino experiment. The observed hadronic energy ...in charged-current ν_{μ} interactions is combined with muon kinematics to permit separation of the quasielastic and Δ(1232) resonance processes. First, we observe a small cross section at very low energy transfer that matches the expected screening effect of long-range nucleon correlations. Second, additions to the event rate in the kinematic region between the quasielastic and Δ resonance processes are needed to describe the data. The data in this kinematic region also have an enhanced population of multiproton final states. Contributions predicted for scattering from a nucleon pair have both properties; the model tested in this analysis is a significant improvement but does not fully describe the data. We present the results as a double-differential cross section to enable further investigation of nuclear models. Improved description of the effects of the nuclear environment are required by current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.
This paper reports the first simultaneous measurement of the double differential muon neutrino charged-current cross section on oxygen and carbon without pions in the final state as a function of the ...outgoing muon kinematics, made at the ND280 off-axis near detector of the T2K experiment. The ratio of the oxygen and carbon cross sections is also provided to help validate various models' ability to extrapolate between carbon and oxygen nuclear targets, as is required in T2K oscillation analyses. The data are taken using a neutrino beam with an energy spectrum peaked at 0.6 GeV. The extracted measurement is compared with the prediction from different Monte Carlo neutrino-nucleus interaction event generators, showing particular model separation for very forward-going muons. Overall, of the models tested, the result is best described using local Fermi gas descriptions of the nuclear ground state with RPA suppression.
This paper presents the first combined measurement of the double-differential muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross sections with no pions in the final state on hydrocarbon at the ...off-axis near detector of the T2K experiment. The data analyzed in this work comprise 5.8 × 10 20 and 6.3 × 10 20 protons on target in neutrino and antineutrino mode respectively, at a beam energy peak of 0.6 GeV. Using the two measured cross sections, the sum, difference, and asymmetry were calculated with the aim of better understanding the nuclear effects involved in such interactions. The extracted measurements have been compared with the prediction from different Monte Carlo generators and theoretical models showing that the difference between the two cross sections have interesting sensitivity to nuclear effects.
A
bstract
The electron (anti-)neutrino component of the T2K neutrino beam constitutes the largest background in the measurement of electron (anti-)neutrino appearance at the far detector. The ...electron neutrino scattering is measured directly with the T2K off-axis near detector, ND280. The selection of the electron (anti-)neutrino events in the plastic scintillator target from both neutrino and anti-neutrino mode beams is discussed in this paper. The flux integrated single differential charged-current inclusive electron (anti-)neutrino cross-sections,
dσ/dp
and
dσ/d
cos(
θ
), and the total cross-sections in a limited phase-space in momentum and scattering angle (
p >
300 MeV/c and
θ ≤
45°) are measured using a binned maximum likelihood fit and compared to the neutrino Monte Carlo generator predictions, resulting in good agreement.
► The effects of income source and context on tax compliance decisions are examined. ► The relationship between income level and tax compliance is also explored. ► Income source and context jointly ...affect compliance responses to other variables. ► Compliance decreases with income for earned/tax and increases for all others. ► Compliance rates are stable over time for earned/tax and fall for all others.
This study employs a laboratory experiment to explore the joint effect of income source (earned versus endowed) and decision context (tax versus nontax) on tax compliance behavior. During the experiment, subjects faced various income levels and made multiple reporting decisions. The results indicate that overall compliance is not significantly affected by the interaction of income source and context. However, this joint effect influences the relationship between income level and compliance and how compliance behavior evolves over time. In both cases, the treatment group with earned income in a tax context displays behavior that is distinct from the other three groups.
This study examines business students' ethical awareness for two virtues needed to maintain academic integrity, respect, and responsibility. Using the multidimensional ethics survey, five dimensions ...(i.e., ethical philosophies) were measured for six scenarios representing student behaviors using Information Technology (IT). The results indicate that students are ethically aware in respect situations, but are more neutral in responsibility situations. Of the five ethical dimensions, moral equity and relativism appear to be the strongest influences in academic integrity scenarios utilizing IT. This study provides guidance for business professors in their pursuit of ethical excellence in the classroom and for researchers in search of greater understanding of ethical judgments of students.
This paper describes the conclusions that can be drawn from the data taken thus far with the PHOBOS detector at RHIC. In the most central Au
+
Au collisions at the highest beam energy, evidence is ...found for the formation of a very high energy density system whose description in terms of simple hadronic degrees of freedom is inappropriate. Furthermore, the constituents of this novel system are found to undergo a significant level of interaction. The properties of particle production at RHIC energies are shown to follow a number of simple scaling behaviors, some of which continue trends found at lower energies or in simpler systems. As a function of centrality, the total number of charged particles scales with the number of participating nucleons. When comparing Au
+
Au at different centralities, the dependence of the yield on the number of participants at higher
p
T
(
∼
4
GeV
/
c
) is very similar to that at low transverse momentum. The measured values of charged particle pseudorapidity density and elliptic flow were found to be independent of energy over a broad range of pseudorapidities when effectively viewed in the rest frame of one of the colliding nuclei, a property we describe as “extended longitudinal scaling”. Finally, the centrality and energy dependences of several observables were found to factorize to a surprising degree.
![[11C]deschloroclozapine is ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0271-678X_1559-7016/small "[11C]deschloroclozapine is an improved PET radioligand for quantifying a human muscarinic DREADD expressed in monkey brain")
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