The dihalide and pseudohalide radical anions, strong one-electron oxidants, can be selectively generated in aqueous solutions by pulse radiolysis. Radiolysis of salts of the bulky ...1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with Cl−, Br−, SCN−, and N3 − anions allows efficient generation of the same species (Cl2 •−, Br2 •−, (SCN)2 •−, and N6 •− radical anions) also in neat ionic liquids and in nonaqueous solvents with the addition of small amounts of the salt. The oxidative power of dichloride radical anion, lowered in the dichloromethane as compared to the aqueous solution, remains sufficient for oxidation of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD, 2 k = (2.0 ± 0.1) × 109 M−1 s−1), phenothiazine (PZ, 2 k = (2.1 ± 0.1) × 109 M−1 s−1), 10-methylphenothiazine (MPZ, 2 k = (9.3 ± 0.1) × 107 M−1 s−1), and 3-methylindole (scatole, SCT, 2 k = (6.8 ± 0.1) × 107 M−1 s−1). It diminishes on going to Br2 •− (reacts only with TMPD, 2 k = (5.4 ± 0.3) × 108 M−1 s−1, and PZ, 2 k = (4.8 ± 0.3) × 108 M−1 s−1) while (SCN)2 •− and N6 •− radical anions oxidize only TMPD, 2 k = (5.1 ± 0.5) × 108 M−1 s−1 and 2 k ∼ 108 M−1 s−1, respectively.
Tourism in the Anthropocene is a powerful driver of global connections that has direct consequences for social and environmental well-being across the planet. This political ecological analysis of ...tourism in the Ecuadorian Amazonian presents ethnographic vignettes to account for the ways that interwoven global discourses related to biodiversity conservation and community development are encountered, contested, and leveraged to advance particular approaches to tourism at the local level. We invoke Tsing's theory of friction to frame these discursive encounters in the context of tourism-related decision-making in the community of Misahuallí, including instances of discursive shifts being leveraged into improved well-being of local residents. This paper makes an important contribution to the scholarship on the political ecology of tourism by bringing the emic perspectives of local residents to the forefront and by demonstrating the value of Tsing's friction metaphor for analyzing the global connections inherent in tourism. Frictions between inequities and imbalances of power, perpetuated by both the structures and discourses associated with the use of tourism to address conservation and development objectives, remain at the vanguard of tourism research as we move through the Anthropocene.
Tourism is among the largest global market forces driving both environmental and sociocultural change, and indigenous peoples residing in biodiverse regions are particularly vulnerable to this ...change. As indigenous people engage with global markets, questions arise regarding how different forms of tourism privilege particular indigenous knowledge, and how local communities proactively leverage their knowledge to improve the social and environmental outcomes of tourism. The aim of this ethnographic case study in the region around Misahuallí, Ecuador is to provide a thick description of the tourism-related social, cultural, and environmental changes being faced by this indigenous community, itself a microcosm of the challenges being faced by indigenous communities across the globe. Common pool resource theory and the concepts of subtractability and non-excludability are invoked to analyze the ways that tourism influences the management of traditional cultural knowledge, and alternatively, how this knowledge influences the ways that tourism manifests in the local community. This novel application of traditional ecological knowledge and common pool resource theory to tourism research provides a critical link between these theories, and it extends existing analyses of tourism's influence on common pool environmental resources to common pool cultural resources, in this case, traditional knowledge in Kichwa communities.
Joanna Katarzynska,1 Jacek Zielinski,2 Andrzej Marcinek,1,3 Jerzy Gebicki1,3 1Angionica Ltd., Lodz, Poland; 2Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical ...Education, Poznan, Poland; 3Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, PolandCorrespondence: Jerzy Gebicki; Andrzej Marcinek, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, 90-924, Poland, Tel +48 42 631 31 71 ; +48 42 631 30 96, Email jerzy.gebicki@p.lodz.pl; andrzej.marcinek@p.lodz.pl
Jerzy Gebicki, 1, 2 Andrzej Marcinek, 1, 2 Jacek Zielinski 3 1Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland; 2Angionica Ltd, Lodz, Poland; 3Department of ...Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, PolandCorrespondence: Jerzy GebickiInstitute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, 90-924, PolandTel +48 42 631 3171Email jerzy.gebicki@p.lodz.pl The skin is the largest organ of the human body, characterized by exceptionalmetabolism. The epidermal layer of the skin is not directly vascularized, andoxygen and nutrients are transported from the dermis by diffusion. Therefore,epidermal cell metabolism should be considered a unique and sensitive marker ofearly dysfunction in vascular circulation and metabolic regulation.The efforts of the authors of the present contribution have resulted in a newdiagnostic technique named Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF), which enablesnon-invasive evaluation of the vascular circulation and metabolic regulation. 1,2 TheFMSF technique is based on monitoring the intensity of NADH fluorescence from skintissue on the forearm in response to blocking and releasing blood flow, as a function oftime. Measurements are performed using theAngioExpert, a diagnostic device constructedby Angionica Ltd. The FMSF technique has been tested on various pathologiesand disorders, as well as in sport physiology. 3- 6
Understanding effects of flow alteration on stream biota is essential to developing ecologically sustainable water supply strategies. We evaluated effects of altering flows via surface water ...withdrawals and instream reservoirs on stream fish assemblages, and compared effects with other hypothesized drivers of species richness and assemblage composition. We sampled fishes during three years in 28 streams used for municipal water supply in the Piedmont region of Georgia, U.S.A. Study sites had permitted average withdrawal rates that ranged from < 0.05 to > 13 times the stream's seven-day, ten-year recurrence low flow (7Q10), and were located directly downstream either from a water supply reservoir or from a withdrawal taken from an unimpounded stream. Ordination analysis of catch data showed a shift in assemblage composition at reservoir sites corresponding to dominance by habitat generalist species. Richness of fluvial specialists averaged about 3 fewer species downstream from reservoirs, and also declined as permitted withdrawal rate increased above about 0.5 to one 7Q10-equivalent of water. Reservoir presence and withdrawal rate, along with drainage area, accounted for 70% of the among-site variance in fluvial specialist richness and were better predictor variables than percent of the catchment in urban land use or average streambed sediment size. Increasing withdrawal rate also increased the odds that a site's Index of Biotic Integrity score fell below a regulatory threshold indicating biological impairment. Estimates of reservoir and withdrawal effects on stream biota could be used in predictive landscape models to support adaptive water supply planning intended to meet societal needs while conserving biological resources.
Diabetic foot ulceration is a chronic complication characterized by impaired wound healing. There is a great demand for a diagnostic tool that is able to monitor and predict wound healing.
...Oscillations in the microcirculation, known as flowmotion, can be monitored very distinctly and precisely using the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique. The flowmotion response to hypoxia was measured quantitatively in 42 patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
The flowmotion response to hypoxia parameters FM(R) and HS were used to differentiate the diabetic foot ulcers and correlate them with clinical status. In some cases, FMSF measurements were continued over the period of a year in order to monitor disease progress. The clinical status of the quarter of patients with the highest HS values (group A, HS = 50.2±18.3) was compared to the quarter with the lowest HS values (group B, HS = 4.3±1.7). The patients in the group B were identified as having low prognosis for healing and were characterized by higher incidences of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, prevalent CVD, neuropathy and nephropathy.
Impaired flowmotion responses to hypoxia induced by transient ischemia can be used for differentiation of diabetic foot ulcers and identification of cases with low prognosis for healing.
Electrochemical and photochemical experiments in ethanol show that the tendency to the reduction of some azo dyes derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole is parallel for both processes. This is attributed ...to the one-electron reduction of the dyes followed by a protonation of the resulting radical anions. The primary transient products of the reduction process, i.e. the radical anions, and their reactivity are characterized in solution at ambient temperature and under matrix conditions at 77
K by means of pulse radiolysis.
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