The active ingredient glyphosate is the most commercialized herbicide on the world market due to its capability in eliminating weeds. However, it can harm the development of non-target organisms and ...threaten environmental quality. This study analyzed the effects of potentially toxic concentrations of glyphosate on germination, growth, cell cycle and genomic stability of Lactuca sativa L., and identified the most sensitive variables for assessing the toxicity of this herbicide to this biomonitor. Seeds of L. sativa were germinated in Petri dishes containing a sheet of filter paper moistened with 5 mL of a concentration of glyphosate (1.34, 3.35, 6.70, 10.05, 13.40 mg L-1). Controls consisted of distilled water (negative) and 3 mg L-1 CuSO4 (positive). Macroscopic and microscopic variables were analyzed. The germination of L. sativa was not affected by the concentrations of glyphosate. Root length and shoot height of the plants and the mitotic index decreased from the lowest concentration tested on. The chromosomal anomaly index and frequency of micronuclei increased by 3.2 and 22 times, respectively, with the presence of the lowest concentration of glyphosate compared to the negative control. The observed phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects demonstrate the negative influence that glyphosate has on the development of L. sativa. Root length and microscopic variables showed the highest sensitivity. This study warns of the possible harmful effects that glyphosate can have on non-target organisms and suggests greater control over the use of this herbicide to mitigate its environmental impact.
Deacidification of palm oil by solvent extraction Gonçalves, Cintia B.; Rodrigues, Christianne E.C.; Marcon, Elaine C. ...
Separation and purification technology,
02/2016, Letnik:
160
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Alternative process to refining of vegetable oils is proposed.•Deacidification of palm oil by liquid–liquid extraction using ethanol as solvent.•Optimizing process conditions were obtained using ...response surface methodology.•Low losses of neutral oil and carotenoids preservation were observed.
The present work reports the influence of some process variables on the losses/transfer of fatty compounds during the deacidification of palm oil by liquid–liquid extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effect of the mass ratio of oil to solvent and the water content in the solvent, aiming to minimize the losses of neutral oil and maximize the transfer of free fatty acids plus carotenoids preservation. By using appropriate conditions observed in RSM analysis (mass ratio of oil to solvent equal to 0.74 and water content around 6mass%), the deacidification of palm oil by continuous liquid–liquid extraction was performed in a perforated rotating disc contactor (PRDC). The experimental results indicate that it is possible to obtain refined palm oil with a free acidity lower than 0.1mass% by continuous liquid–liquid extraction.
Blending curved and straight lines on angular modes are proposed for intra-frame prediction in high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). All 33 angular modes in HEVC have received an offset-based ...displacement calculation to each predicted sample, so that the resulting prediction block models image regions with curved textures. The proposal includes a negligible overhead in the syntax elements of the encoded bitstream (up to 2.56%) to transmit the curvature parameter along with the angular mode of a predicted block. Results demonstrate increased prediction accuracy and consequent reduction in residuals. There is a fair trade-off between prediction accuracy and computational complexity even considering few curvature parameters. Further evaluations show an average reduction in Bjøntegaard delta rate of 3.19% for the HEVC test sequences.
Cyantraniliprole is the second xylem-systemic active ingredient in the new anthranilic diamide class. Greenhouse (2006), growth chamber (2007), and field studies (2009–2010) were conducted to ...determine the efficacy of cyantraniliprole for managing Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and in interfering with transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by this whitefly. Cyantraniliprole applied as soil treatments (200 SC) or foliar sprays (100 OD) provided excellent adult whitefly control, TYLCV suppression, and reduced oviposition and nymph survival, comparable to current standards. The positive results observed in these greenhouse experiments with a high level of insect pressure (l0× the field threshold of one adult per plant) and disease pressure (five adults per plant, with a high level of confidence that TYLCV virulent adults were used), indicate a great potential for cyantraniliprole to be used in a whitefly management program. Field evaluations of soil drench treatments confirmed the suppression of TYLCV transmission demonstrated in the greenhouse studies. Field studies in 2009 and 2010 showed that cyantraniliprole (200 SC) provided TYLCV suppression for 2 wk after a drench application, when using a susceptible (2009) or imidacloprid-tolerant (2010) whitefly population. Cyantraniliprole was demonstrated to be a promising tool for management of TYLCV in tomato production, which is very difficult and expensive, and which has limited options. The integration of cyantraniliprole into a resistance management program will help to ensure the continued sustainability of this and current insecticides used for the management of insect vectors, including whiteflies and the TYLCV they spreads.
Repeated forced swimming test (rFST) may detect gradual effects of antidepressants in adult rats. Antidepressants, as enrichment, affected behavior and neurogenesis in rats. However, the influence of ...enrichment on behavioral and neurogenic effects of antidepressants is unknown. Here, effects of antidepressants on rFST and hippocampal neurogenesis were investigated in rats under enriched conditions. Behaviors of male Wistar rats, housed from weaning in standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE), were registered during rFST. The rFST consisted of 15min of swimming (pretest) followed by 5min of swimming in the first (test), seventh (retest 1) and fourteenth (retest 2) days after pretest. One hour before the test, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of saline (1ml/kg), fluoxetine (2.5mg/kg) or imipramine (2.5 or 5mg/kg). These treatments were performed daily until the day of the retest 2. After retest 2, rats were euthanized for the identification of markers for neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Fluoxetine or imipramine decreased immobility in retests 1 and 2, as compared to saline. EE abolished these differences. In EE, fluoxetine or imipramine (5mg/kg) reduced immobility time in retest 2, as compared to the test. Independent of the housing conditions, fluoxetine and imipramine (5mg/kg) increased the ratio of immature neurons per progenitor cell in the hippocampus. In summary, antidepressants or enrichment counteracted the high immobility in rFST. Enrichment changed the effects of antidepressants in rFST depending on the type, and the dose of a substance but failed to change neurogenesis in control or antidepressant treated-rats. Effects of antidepressants and enrichment on rFST seemed neurogenesis-independent.
•Immobility of rats increased over repetitions of forced swimming test (rFST).•Antidepressants or enrichment counteracted the high immobility in rFST.•Enrichment changed the effects of antidepressants on rFST.•Enrichment failed to change effects of antidepressants on neurogenesis.•Effects of antidepressants and enrichment on rFST seemed neurogenesis-independent.
Laminated structures can be represented computationally by the finite element method (FEM) using the homogenization procedure, which consists of the adjustment of equivalent orthotropic properties to ...a homogeneous structure. The application occurs in stators of electric machines composed of stacked laminated disks connected to each other through windings and other fastening components. This paper describes a method to the dynamic characterization of a typical laminated stator through the application of the homogenization technique to the magnetic core and consideration of the effect of winding contour conditions and screw joints. Two simplified three-dimensional models for the stator were compared. The first considers the application of a typical tightening of the fastening screws and the presence of a homogeneous isotropic volume representing the winding. The second considers the effect of the boundary condition of the winding on the region of the teeth of the nucleus in order to reduce the degrees of freedom of the complete model. The coupling between the components is accomplished through the application of modal synthesis methods, which require the definition of the surfaces and the type of connection between the components. The obtainment of the set of equivalent orthotropic properties is based on the minimization of residues related to the difference between the natural and experimental frequencies in the range of 0 to 10 kHz. This was carried out using the multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) method used in conjunction with commercial Ansys® software. Both models presented satisfactory experimental correlation. The simplified model demonstrated limitations of representativeness emphasized in specific frequency bands.
The diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole is registered for control of lepidopteran pests in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Taking advantage of its root-uptake systemic properties, ...chlorantraniliprole is labeled for use with a variety of soil application methods in different countries, depending on pests and local practices. We investigated the efficacy of different cabbage transplant application methods using a leaf consumption bioassay. In the laboratory, we compared different transplant water volumes, characterized the effect of transplant plug size when the insecticide is applied by drenching or soaking the seedling tray, and determined the effect of different soil types. At three field sites, we compared the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole applied in transplant water or as a tray drench or tray soak treatment. In the laboratory, transplant water volume did not affect the level or duration of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) mortality caused by chlorantraniliprole. When seedling trays were drenched with insecticide solution, transplant plug size did not affect mortality, but when trays were soaked with an equivalent volume of solution, mortality was higher with small plugs. Transplanting plugs treated by transplant water, drench or soak into different soil types did not affect mortality caused by chlorantraniliprole. In the field, transplant water application was the most effective method at all three locations. Tray soak was the most variable application method. Different application methods can be used to take advantage of the systemic characteristics of chlorantraniliprole. Among the methods tested, transplant water and tray drench resulted in more consistent mortality under variable field conditions.
•Chlorantraniliprole controls foliar pests when applied systemically to the soil.•Transplant water and tray drench are effective soil application methods.•Tray soak method is less robust than transplant water or tray drench.
Tiny is a scalable and efficient three-dimensional (3D) network-on-chip (NoC) designed to reduce latency and area. A theoretical analysis demonstrates its efficiency when compared with a basic 3D ...mesh NoC. Mapping independent traffics with different injection rates makes the trade-offs analysis of Tiny possible. Results highlight that Tiny always reduces area and for several cases minimises latency.
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