In this paper we consider a third quantized cosmological model with varying speed of light
c
and varying gravitational constant
G
both represented by non-minimally coupled scalar fields. The third ...quantization of such a model leads to a scenario of the doubleverse with the two components being quantum mechanically entangled. We calculate the two parameters describing the entanglement, namely: the energy and the entropy of entanglement where the latter appears to be a proper measure of the entanglement. We consider a possibility that the entanglement can manifests itself as an effective perfect fluid characterized by the time dependent barotropic index
w
eff
, which for some specific case corresponds to the fluid of cosmic strings. It seems that such an entanglement induced effective perfect fluid may generate significant backreaction effect at early times.
Although the standard cosmological model explains most of the observed phenomena it still struggles with the problem of initial singularity. An interesting scenario in which the problem of the ...initial singularity is somehow circumvented was proposed in the context of string theory where the canonical quantisation procedure was additionally applied (Gasperini and Veneziano in Gen Relativ Gravit 28:1301–1307,
1996
). A similar effect can be achieved in the context of the canonically quantized theory with varying speed of light and varying gravitational constant where both quantities are represented by non-minimally coupled scalar fields (Balcerzak in JCAP 04:019,
2015
). Such theory contains both the pre-big-bang contracting phase and the post-big-bang expanding phase and predicts non-vanishing probability of the transition from the former to the latter phase. In this paper we quantize such a theory once again by applying the third quantization scheme and show that the resulting theory contains scenario in which the whole multiverse is created from nothing. The generated family of the universes is described by the Bose–Einstein distribution.
In this paper we consider a specific type of the bimetric theory of gravitation with the two different metrics introduced in the cosmological frame. Both metrics respect all the symmetries of the ...standard FLRW solution and contain conformally related spatial parts. One of the metric is assumed to describe the causal structure for the matter. Another metric defines the causal structure for the gravitational interactions. A crucial point is that the spatial part of the metric describing gravity is given by the spatial part of the matter metric conformally rescaled by a time-dependent factor
α
which, as it turns out, can be linked to the effective gravitational constant and the effective speed of light. In the context of such a bimetric framework we examine the strength of some singular cosmological scenarios in the sense of the criteria introduced by Tipler and Królak. In particular, we show that for the nonsingular scale factor associated with the matter metric, both the vanishing or blowing up of the factor
α
for some particular moment of the cosmic expansion may lead to a strong singularity with infinite value of the energy density and infinite value of the pressure.
Observations of the redshift
= 7.085 quasar J1120+0641 are used to search for variations of the fine structure constant, a, over the redshift range 5:5 to 7:1. Observations at
= 7:1 probe the physics ...of the universe at only 0.8 billion years old. These are the most distant direct measurements of a to date and the first measurements using a near-IR spectrograph. A new AI analysis method is employed. Four measurements from the x-shooter spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) constrain changes in a relative to the terrestrial value (α
). The weighted mean electromagnetic force in this location in the universe deviates from the terrestrial value by Δα/α = (α
- α
)/α
= (-2:18 ± 7:27) × 10
, consistent with no temporal change. Combining these measurements with existing data, we find a spatial variation is preferred over a no-variation model at the 3:9σ level.
Cyclic multiverses Marosek, Konrad; Da̧browski, Mariusz P; Balcerzak, Adam
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
09/2016, Letnik:
461, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Using the idea of regularization of singularities due to the variability of the fundamental constants in cosmology we study the cyclic universe models. We find two models of oscillating and ...non-singular mass density and pressure (‘non-singular’ bounce) regularized by varying gravitational constant G despite the scale factor evolution is oscillating and having sharp turning points (‘singular’ bounce). Both violating (big-bang) and non-violating (phantom) null energy condition models appear. Then, we extend this idea on to the multiverse containing cyclic individual universes with either growing or decreasing entropy though leaving the net entropy constant. In order to get an insight into the key idea, we consider the doubleverse with the same geometrical evolution of the two ‘parallel’ universes with their physical evolution physical coupling constants c(t) and G(t) being different. An interesting point is that there is a possibility to exchange the universes at the point of maximum expansion – the fact which was already noticed in quantum cosmology. Similar scenario is also possible within the framework of Brans–Dicke theory where varying G(t) is replaced by the dynamical Brans–Dicke field ϕ(t) though these theories are slightly different.
We study the conformal structure of exotic (non-big-bang) singularity universes using the hybrid big-bang/exotic singularity/big-bang and big-rip/exotic singularity/big-rip models by investigating ...their appropriate Penrose diagrams. We show that the diagrams have the standard structure for the big-bang and big-rip and that exotic singularities appear just as the constant time hypersurfaces for the time of a singularity and because of their geodesic completeness are potentially transversable. We also comment on some applications and extensions of the Penrose diagram method in studying exotic singularities.
In this paper, we explore the conformal structure of singularities arising from varying fundamental constants using the method of Penrose diagrams. We employ a specific type of bimetric model ...featuring two different metrics. One metric describes the causal structure for matter, while the other characterizes the causal structure for gravitational interactions, which is related to variations in fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant and the speed of light. For this reason, we focused on the gravitational metric to calculate the conformal transformation and compose Penrose diagrams for the singularities arising from the varying fundamental constants. We have shown that, in one case, the parameter such as the scale factor, the density and the pressure resemble those of the finite scale factor singularity (FSF). Despite singularity appears in constant conformal time in our case and in the case of FSF the Misner-Sharp horizon looks different. Our another case is similar to sudden future singularity (SFS), but there are differences in the conformal structures. We have also shown that in our cases the behavior of Misner-Sharp horizon strongly depends on initial conditions. The last analytical solution which we introduced is identical to conformal structure of the standard exotic singularity for the matter.
In this paper we consider a third quantized cosmological model with varying speed of light \(c\) and varying gravitational constant \(G\) both represented by non-minimally coupled scalar fields. The ...third quantization of such a model leads to a scenario of the doubleverse with the two components being quantum mechanically entangled. We calculate the two parameters describing the entanglement, namely: the energy and the entropy of entanglement where the latter appears to be a proper measure of the entanglement. We consider a possibility that the entanglement can manifests itself as an effective perfect fluid characterized by the time dependent barotropic index \(w_{eff}\), which for some specific case corresponds to the fluid of cosmic strings. It seems that such an entanglement induced effective perfect fluid may generate significant backreaction effect at early times.
Fine-structure constant measurements 13 Ga ago, plus lower redshift data, test space-time variation of a fundamental constant.
Observations of the redshift
z
= 7.085 quasar J1120+0641 are used to ...search for variations of the fine structure constant, α, over the redshift range 5:5 to 7:1. Observations at
z
= 7:1 probe the physics of the universe at only 0.8 billion years old. These are the most distant direct measurements of α to date and the first measurements using a near-IR spectrograph. A new AI analysis method is employed. Four measurements from the
x
-
shooter
spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) constrain changes in a relative to the terrestrial value (α
0
). The weighted mean electromagnetic force in this location in the universe deviates from the terrestrial value by Δα/α = (α
z
− α
0
)/α
0
= (−2:18 ± 7:27) × 10
−5
, consistent with no temporal change. Combining these measurements with existing data, we find a spatial variation is preferred over a no-variation model at the 3:9σ level.
Although the standard cosmological model explains most of the observed phenomena it still struggles with the problem of initial singularity. An interesting scenario in which the problem of the ...initial singularity is somehow circumvented was proposed in the context of string theory where the canonical quantisation procedure was additionally applied. A similar effect can be achieved in the context of the canonically quantized theory with varying speed of light and varying gravitational constant where both quantities are represented by non-minimally coupled scalar fields. Such theory contains both the pre-big-bang contracting phase and the post-big-bang expanding phase and predicts non-vanishing probability of the transition from the former to the latter phase. In this paper we quantize such a theory once again by applying the third quantization scheme and show that the resulting theory contains scenario in which the whole multiverse is created from nothing. The generated family of the universes is described by the Bose-Einstein distribution.
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