•Erger® as a budburst inducer is an alternative substitute for hydrogen cyanamide.•Garlic extract as a budburst inducer is not efficient in ‘Castel Gala’ apple trees.•Hydrogen cyanamide is more ...efficient at 1% than at 2%.
Hydrogen cyanamide is the main budburst inducer applied in Brazil, even though it is highly toxic to the environment. This fact has triggered the search for alternatives with similar efficiency and lower toxicity. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of different budburst inducers by using phenology on the field and by applying the biological method of single bud. The experiment was conducted in an experimental orchard of ‘Castel Gala’ apple trees in both 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Seven treatments, divided into three concentrations of Erger® associated with calcium nitrate, three concentrations of garlic extract associated with mineral oil and control (no application), were applied in the first season. The second season consisted of the seven treatments applied in the first season and two treatments of hydrogen cyanamide, at different concentrations, associated with mineral oil. Evaluation was carried out on the field by checking budburst and flowering percentages, fruit set and dates of phenological stages. In the second season, the test of the single bud evaluated percentages of total budburst and mixed buds, average budburst time (ABT) and average time for leaf opening (ATLO). The results show that garlic extract is not efficient inducing budburst in 'Castel Gala' apple trees; while the budburst inducers hydrogen cyanamide 1% + mineral oil 3% and Erger® 7% + calcium nitrate 5% are the best alternative for inducers, being the last main alternative to hydrogen cyanamide in 'Castel Gala' apple trees budburst induction. The biological method of single bud did not show to be a good alternative to evaluate the efficiency of budburst inducers in 'Castel Gala' apple trees. .
Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated ...the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate ‘Valencia Late’ sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and ‘Sunki’ mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. ‘Swingle’ citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ and ‘San Diego’, as well as Trifoliate orange and ‘Rangpur’ lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.
RESUMO: A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira ‘Valência Late’ em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira ‘Sunki’. O citrumelo ‘Swingle’ foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’, assim como o limoeiro ‘Cravo’ e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.
O cultivo do mirtilo é uma atividade econômica recente no Brasil. O sistema produtivo e comercial ainda precisa de melhorias, principalmente para oferecer regularidade, qualidade produtiva e ...transparência de custos e preços. Não se tem conhecimento de estudos dedicados a analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de mirtilo nas condições brasileiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é levantar os custos e analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira desta cultura em uma fazenda localizada em Pelotas (RS). A coleta e análise dos dados seguiram o procedimento adotado pela Matriz de Análise de Política e os indicadores de viabilidade utilizados foram o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e o Payback. Os resultados mostraram um custo de produção de US$ 7.394,61 por hectare ou US$ 2.310,88 por tonelada e viabilidade financeira na produção, dado que o VPL para o período de 10 anos foi de US$ 26.214,81, a TIR de 26,36%, a renda líquida foi de US$ 7.180,25 hectare/ano-1 e o Payback foi de 4,9 anos. Desse modo, a produção de mirtilo no sul do RS é lucrativa e a cadeia produtiva pode receber novos investimentos, segundo as condições tecnológicas e mercadológicas indicadas neste estudo.
ABSTRACT Most commercial apple orchards are established on either Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) (high vigor), M-9 (Malus pumila) (low vigor), or a combination of both rootstocks through the ...intergrafting technique. The Geneva® Series rootstocks were developed as an alternative to orchards modernization. The vigor of rootstocks influences the anatomical xylem formation and, therefore, the canopy cultivar’s hydraulic conductivity. When affected by embolism, hydraulic conductivity harms plant metabolism, reducing crop yield and fruit quality. This study aimed to evaluate four Geneva® Series rootstocks with potential use in southern Brazil, in terms of hydraulic conductivity (K) and percentage loss of conductance (PLC), during the winter period in two different years. The G.213 rootstock presented the best performance for the variables analyzed; however, higher values of xylem functionality loss were observed in G.814.
Strawberries show a short post-harvest conservation period. To improve it, the effect of different post-harvest storage temperatures, conservation methods and three different storage periods were ...tested on 'San Andreas' strawberry, right after harvest. The experiment consisted of a three factorial 2 x 5 x 3 (temperatures x methods x storage periods), arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four replications were used for each treatment, each with five sampling units. The treatments tested were: storage temperatures - 1 degreesC and 18 degreesC (T1 and T2); conservation methods - sodium hypochlorite 0.5% (C1), potato starch film 6% + sodium hypochlorite 0.5% (C2), cassava starch film 6% + sodium hypochlorite 0.5% (C3), UV-C radiation (C4), and control (no treatment) (C5); Storage period - 3, 6, and 9 days (D1, D2, D3, respectively). The parameters assessed were flesh firmness, color (hue angle, chroma, and luminosity), soluble solids (SST) and mass loss. Fruit kept at a temperature of 1 degreesC showed better traits than those stored at 18 degreesC, regardless of the method and storage period. Among the conservation methods tested, only UV-C and sodium hypochlorite improved some attributes (firmness and SST) when associated with refrigeration at 1 degreesC. The use of potato and cassava starch is not as expected since they do not improve conservation and the total soluble solids contents.
Since antioxidant enzymes activity affects the end of dormancy stage, it is important to understand the responses given by antioxidant enzymes and their roles in budbreak induction in temperate fruit ...trees. This research aimed at evaluating the antioxidant enzymes activity at the end of budbreak stage after the inducers application to 'Castel Gala' apple trees and their performance in budbreak and blooming. Seven treatments were carried out: Erger 3% + calcium nitrate 5%; Erger 5% + calcium nitrate 5%; Erger 7% + calcium nitrate 5%; garlic extract (GE) 5% + mineral oil (MO) 2%; GE 10% + MO 2%; GE 15% + MO 2%; and the control. Buds were collected one, four and seven days after the application (DAA) of budbreak inducers, and activity of the following enzymes was determined by: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Besides that, hydrogen peroxide was quantified. Percentages of budbreak and blooming were evaluated at 32th, 40 th, 45 th and 52 th DAA. The results showed that SOD activity had increased as the dormancy stage reached its end. CAT activity was influenced by the application of budbreak inducers. It decreased significantly throughout the experiment in the most efficient treatment. Percentages of budbreak (61.85%) and blooming (25.44%) showed the highest efficiency in the treatment with Erger 7% + calcium nitrate 5%, which was the inducer with the highest potential in 'Castel Gala' apple trees.
Kiwis mínimamente processados necessitam de técnicas para manter a qualidade dos frutos durante a conservaçâo e o período de prateleira. Aditivos combinados å radiaçâo ultravioleta podem ser uma ...alternativa para assegurar a qualidade das frutas por mais tempo de conservaçâo. Neste contexto, foi proposto avaliar a eficiencia do uso da radiaçâo UV-C e diferentes aditivos na prevençâo do escurecimento e conservaçâo de kiwis 'Bruno' minimamente processados. As fatias de kiwi foram submetidas a soluçöes contendo os seguintes tratamentos: controle, ácido ascórbico a 1%; isoascorbato de sódio a 1%; ácido cítrico a 1%, depois, utilizou-se por dois minutos a radiaçâo UV-C na intensidade de 2,71 kJ m-2. As bandejas foram armazenadas em cámara fria a 4 ± 1 °C de temperatura, com umidade relativa de 85% a 90%, e armazenadas por períodos de 3, 6 e 9 dias. Avaliaram-se perda de massa, coloraçâo da polpa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, incidencia de podridâo, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante. O uso de aditivos melhora a conservaçâo do kiwi minimamente processado, com destaque para o isoascorbato de sódio e o ácido cítrico. Os frutos de kiwi da cultivar 'Bruno' podem ser armazenados por até 6 dias sob refrigeraçâo com o uso de aditivos. Após esse período, a perda de massa é elevada. O uso de UV-C nâo alterou a qualidade dos kiwis durante o armazenamento, podendo ter seu uso dispensado.
ABSTRACT Kiwifruit vines are an alternative approach to diversify Brazilian fruit farming because of the low supply and increase in the demand for their fruits. Hydrogenated cyanamide, which is the ...most common rest-breaking agent, is highly toxic and its use is not allowed in organic production systems. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of alternative rest-breaking agents in kiwifruit vines by using the biological method of single node cutting. Twigs of the cultivar Bruno were collected in an organic orchard in Pelotas, a city located in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Seven-centimeter-long cuts with a single shoot at the ends were segmented. Cuttings were placed on plastic trays with phenolic foam and soaked in water, at 85% relative humidity on average, and kept in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) incubators at 25± 1 °C and a 16-h photoperiod. Budbreak was evaluated in 2-day and 3-day intervals. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten treatments and three replications of ten sampling units each. The following variables were analyzed: average budbreak time (ABT), final budbreak rate (FBR), vigorous budbreak rate (VBR), velocity of budbreak (VB), percentage of open buds (POB) and dormancy index (DI). The rest-breaking agent garlic extract (GE) 10% + mineral oil (MO) 2% was the most efficient one in budbreak induction in both production cycles. Thus, this dose is recommended for budbreak induction in kiwifruit vines grown in an organic system.
Blueberry cultivation is a recent economic activity in Brazil. The productive and commercial systems still need improvement, especially to maintain the regularity of quality and productivity and the ...transparency of costs and prices. There is no study dedicated to analyze the economic viability of blueberry production under Brazilian conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to survey the costs and analyze the economic and financial viability of this crop in a farm located in Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The data collection and analysis followed the procedure adopted by the Policy Analysis Matrix, and the viability indicators were net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. The results showed a production cost of US$ 7,394.61 per hectare or US$ 2,310.88 per ton and financial viability for production, since the NPV for the 10-year period was US$ 26,214.81, the IRR was 26.36%, the net income was US$ 7,180.25 hectare/ year-1, and the payback was 4.9 years. Therefore, blueberry production in southern RS is profitable, and the production chain can receive new investments given the technological and market conditions of this study.
Resumo: O cultivo do mirtilo é uma atividade econômica recente no Brasil. O sistema produtivo e comercial ainda precisa de melhorias, principalmente para oferecer regularidade, qualidade produtiva e ...transparência de custos e preços. Não se tem conhecimento de estudos dedicados a analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de mirtilo nas condições brasileiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é levantar os custos e analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira desta cultura em uma fazenda localizada em Pelotas (RS). A coleta e análise dos dados seguiram o procedimento adotado pela Matriz de Análise de Política e os indicadores de viabilidade utilizados foram o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e o Payback. Os resultados mostraram um custo de produção de US$ 7.394,61 por hectare ou US$ 2.310,88 por tonelada e viabilidade financeira na produção, dado que o VPL para o período de 10 anos foi de US$ 26.214,81, a TIR de 26,36%, a renda líquida foi de US$ 7.180,25 hectare/ano-1 e o Payback foi de 4,9 anos. Desse modo, a produção de mirtilo no sul do RS é lucrativa e a cadeia produtiva pode receber novos investimentos, segundo as condições tecnológicas e mercadológicas indicadas neste estudo.
Abstract: Blueberry cultivation is a recent economic activity in Brazil. The productive and commercial systems still need improvement, especially to maintain the regularity of quality and productivity and the transparency of costs and prices. There is no study dedicated to analyze the economic viability of blueberry production under Brazilian conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to survey the costs and analyze the economic and financial viability of this crop in a farm located in Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The data collection and analysis followed the procedure adopted by the Policy Analysis Matrix, and the viability indicators were net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. The results showed a production cost of US$ 7,394.61 per hectare or US$ 2,310.88 per ton and financial viability for production, since the NPV for the 10-year period was US$ 26,214.81, the IRR was 26.36%, the net income was US$ 7,180.25 hectare/year-1, and the payback was 4.9 years. Therefore, blueberry production in southern RS is profitable, and the production chain can receive new investments given the technological and market conditions of this study.
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