In this article, engineering surface application is introduced as a new concept. The basis of this concept is the understanding that different surface technologies are applied to design of existing ...engineering components but, it is necessary to know that surface engineering would cover only part of the design of the component, the surface treatment to be applied should also be known. This is because, surfaces with a high index of hardening due to deformation, are resistant to severe adhesive wear, abrasion and pickling, but they should not have the same resistance to other types of wear. It means that a correlation must be established between the surface quality and the pickling resistance. In this article, it is shown that the use of high compatibility metallic materials is preferred and that a correlation can be established between the surface quality and the pickling resistance by a simple number. The selection of materials and the methods of obtaining the engineering surfaces for tribological applications, depends to a large extent on the mechanism and particular type of predominant wear. Therefore, the selection of materials resistant to wear will be analyzed depending on the type of wear in question.
Here we have studied the population of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in adult pigmented and albino mice. Our data show that although pigmented (C57Bl/6) and albino ...(Swiss) mice have a similar total number of ipRGCs, their distribution is slightly different: while in pigmented mice ipRGCs are more abundant in the temporal retina, in albinos the ipRGCs are more abundant in superior retina. In both strains, ipRGCs are located in the retinal periphery, in the areas of lower Brn3a(+)RGC density. Both strains also contain displaced ipRGCs (d-ipRGCs) in the inner nuclear layer (INL) that account for 14% of total ipRGCs in pigmented mice and 5% in albinos. Tracing from both superior colliculli shows that 98% (pigmented) and 97% (albino) of the total ipRGCs, become retrogradely labeled, while double immunodetection of melanopsin and Brn3a confirms that few ipRGCs express this transcription factor in mice. Rather surprisingly, application of a retrograde tracer to the optic nerve (ON) labels all ipRGCs, except for a sub-population of the d-ipRGCs (14% in pigmented and 28% in albino, respectively) and melanopsin positive cells residing in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) of the retina. In the CMZ, between 20% (pigmented) and 24% (albino) of the melanopsin positive cells are unlabeled by the tracer and we suggest that this may be because they fail to send an axon into the ON. As such, this study provides the first evidence for a population of melanopsin interneurons in the mammalian retina.
It is necessary to ensure the quality of sleep studies conducted at home given that there can be potential variations. Automatic
analysis is simple and could help in an audit. The objective is to ...find a predictive model of visual reading using an automatic
analysis of saturation and respiratory signal in order to establish a reading standard with a polygraph used at home on patients
who have sleep apnea-hypopnea clinical symptoms. The analysis was carried out using the following two definitions of hypopnea:
an event with a duration of ⥠10 s with a decrease of > 30% of the respiratory signal; and an event associated either with
a desaturation of ⥠3% or with a desaturation of ⥠4%. A total of 189 studies were selected from a representative sample of
218 patients. Two pneumologists carried out the readings together. The agreement between the visual respiratory disturbance
index (RDI) ie , apneas plus hypopneas for both definitions and the automatic respiratory signal analysis ( ie , automatic RDI RDIa) or the automatic desaturation index of 3% (DI3%a) and of 4% (DI4%a) showed limits from a Bland-Altman
plot that were too large. However, a multiple linear regression analysis with RDIa and DI3%a or RDIa and DI4%a presented an
acceptable level of agreement with RDI for both definitions (p < 0.001; r 2 = 96.2% and 97%, respectively). The 95% confidence interval for the differences between the RDI and the model was ± 10.1
or ± 8.8 events per hour, so a study should be revised outside of these limits. A predictive multiple regression model that
uses the automatic analysis of the oximetry and respiratory signal could establish a standard for the visual reading of polygraphy
at home.
ambulatory care
oximetry
sleep apnea
Objective: To observe the effect of antivenom on venomous snakebite patients by measuring changes in serum venom levels and laboratory values; also, to perform a clinical correlation. Material and ...methods: The study design was observational and descriptive. The snake antivenom (Antivipmyn) used was derived from equine antibodies and is specific for species in Mexico. Results: Twenty-three patients were included for analysis. Only 1 patient (4.3%) had an adverse reaction to the antivenom. No deaths were reported and 97% of patients had their serum venom levels neutralized and improved laboratory values in patients with leukocytosis (100%) and elevated PTT (83%). We observed a positive (0.75) and significant (p ≤ 0.01) correlation between serum venom levels and the snakebite severity score. Conclusions: We observed that almost all patients venom was completely neutralized, and laboratory values showed statistically significant improvement.
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