Background and Objective
Caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been studied in many cross‐sectional studies but poorly in longitudinal ones. The aim of the present study was to analyze the ...change in burden, strain, mood, and quality of life (QoL) after a 2‐year follow‐up in a cohort of caregivers of patients with PD and also to identify predictors of these changes.
Patients and Methods
PD patients and their caregivers who were recruited from January/2016 to November/2017 from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort were included in the study. They were evaluated again at 2‐year follow‐up. Caregivers completed the Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory (ZCBI), Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), and EUROHIS‐QOL 8‐item index (EUROHIS‐QOL8) at baseline (V0) and at 2‐year follow‐up (V2). General linear model repeated measure and lineal regression models were applied.
Results
Significant changes, indicating an impairment, were detected on the total score of the ZCBI (p < 0.0001), CSI (p < 0.0001), BDI‐II (p = 0.024), and EUROHIS‐QOL8 (p = 0.002) in 192 PD caregivers (58.82 ± 11.71 years old; 69.3% were females). Mood impairment (BDI‐II; β = 0.652; p < 0.0001) in patients from V0 to V2 was the strongest factor associated with caregiver's mood impairment after the 2‐year follow‐up. Caregiver's mood impairment was the strongest factor associated with an increase from V0 to V2 on the total score of the ZCBI (β = 0.416; p < 0.0001), CSI (β = 0.277; p = 0.001), and EUROHIS‐QOL (β = 0.397; p = 0.002).
Conclusion
Burden, strain, mood, and QoL were impaired in caregivers of PD patients after a 2‐year follow‐up. Mood changes in both the patient and the caregiver are key aspects related to caregiver burden increase.
Key points
The present study is, to date, the largest prospective longitudinal study conducted for analyzing how burden, strain, mood, and quality of life change (QoL) in the principal caregiver of a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD).
After 2 years of follow‐up, the status of the principal caregiver of a patient with PD worsens as a whole with an increase in burden and stress and a worsening in mood and QoL.
Mood changes in the patient and in the caregiver as well are key aspects related to increase in caregiver burden.
These findings suggest that it could be essential to detect depressive symptoms both in the patient and in the caregiver too.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the progression of non-motor symptoms (NMS) burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients regarding the development of motor fluctuations (MF).
PD patients ...without MF at baseline, who were recruited from January 2016 to November 2017 (V0) and evaluated again at a 2-year follow-up (V2) from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort, were included in this analysis. MF development at V2 was defined as a score ≥ 1 in the item-39 of the UPDRS-Part IV, whereas NMS burden was defined according to the Non-motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) total score.
Three hundred and thirty PD patients (62.67 ± 8.7 years old; 58.8% males) were included. From V0 to V2, 27.6% of the patients developed MF. The mean NMSS total score at baseline was higher in those patients who developed MF after the 2-year follow-up (46.34 ± 36.48 vs. 34.3 ± 29.07;
= 0.001). A greater increase in the NMSS total score from V0 to V2 was observed in patients who developed MF (+16.07 ± 37.37) compared to those who did not develop MF (+6.2 ± 25.8) (
= 0.021). Development of MF after a 2-year follow-up was associated with an increase in the NMSS total score (β = 0.128;
= 0.046) after adjustment to age, gender, years from symptoms onset, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) and the NMSS total score at baseline, and the change in LEDD from V0 to V2.
In PD patients, the development of MF is associated with a greater increase in the NMS burden after a 2-year follow-up.
Introduction. Drooling in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequent but often goes underrecognized. Our aim was to examine the prevalence of drooling in a PD cohort and compare it with a control group. ...Specifically, we identified factors associated with drooling and conducted subanalyses in a subgroup of very early PD patients. Patients and Methods. PD patients who were recruited from January 2016 to November 2017 (baseline visit; V0) and evaluated again at a 2-year ± 30-day follow-up (V2) from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort were included in this longitudinal prospective study. Subjects were classified as with or without drooling according to item 19 of the NMSS (Nonmotor Symptoms Scale) at V0, V1 (1-year ± 15 days), and V2 for patients and at V0 and V2 for controls. Results. The frequency of drooling in PD patients was 40.1% (277/691) at V0 (2.4% (5/201) in controls; p < 0.0001), 43.7% (264/604) at V1, and 48.2% (242/502) at V2 (3.2% (4/124) in controls; p < 0.0001), with a period prevalence of 63.6% (306/481). Being older (OR = 1.032; p = 0.012), being male (OR = 2.333; p < 0.0001), having greater nonmotor symptom (NMS) burden at the baseline (NMSS total score at V0; OR = 1.020; p < 0.0001), and having a greater increase in the NMS burden from V0 to V2 (change in the NMSS total score from V0 to V2; OR = 1.012; p < 0.0001) were identified as independent predictors of drooling after the 2-year follow-up. Similar results were observed in the group of patients with ≤2 years since symptom onset, with a cumulative prevalence of 64.6% and a higher score on the UPDRS-III at V0 (OR = 1.121; p = 0.007) as a predictor of drooling at V2. Conclusion. Drooling is frequent in PD patients even at the initial onset of the disease and is associated with a greater motor severity and NMS burden.
Motor phenotype (MP) can be associated with a different prognosis in Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is not fixed and can change over time.
Our aim was to analyze how the MP changed over time and to ...identify factors associated with the changes in PD patients from a multicenter Spanish PD cohort.
PD patients who were recruited from January-2016 to November-2017 (baseline visit; V0) and evaluated again at a 2-year±30 days follow-up (V2) from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort, were included in this study.MP was calculated at both visits based on Jankovic classification in TD (tremor dominant), IND (indeterminate), or PIGD (postural instability and gait difficulty). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, including serum biomarkers.
Five hundred eleven patients (62.57±8.59 years old; 59.2%males) were included in the study. At V0, MP was: 47.4%(242/511) TD; 36.6%(187/511) PIGD; 16%(82/511) IND. Up to 38%(194/511) of the patients changed their phenotype from V0 to V2, being the most frequent from TD to IND (8.4%) and from TD to PIGD (6.7%). A worse cognitive status (OR = 0.966) and less autonomy for activities of daily living (OR = 0.937) at V0 and a greater increase in the globalNMS burden (OR = 1.011) from V0 to V2 were associated with changing from TD to another phenotype after 2-year follow-up.
The MP in PD can change over time. With disease progression, the percentage of cases with non-tremoric MP increases. PD patients who changed from TD to postural instability and gait difficulty increased NMS burden significantly.
The aim of this study was to compare the progression of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients versus a control group, as well as to identify predictors ...of disability progression and functional dependency (FD).
PD patients and control subjects, who were recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort between January 2016 and November 2017 (V0), were included. Patients and subjects were then evaluated again at the 2-year follow-up (V2). Disability was assessed with the Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (S&E-ADLS) at V0 and V2. FD was defined as an S&E-ADLS score less than 80%.
In the PD group, a significant decrease in the S&E-ADLS score from V0 to V2 (N = 507; from 88.58 ± 10.19 to 84.26 ± 13.38;
< 0.0001; Cohen's effect size = -0.519) was observed but not in controls (N = 124; from 98.87 ± 6.52 to 99.52 ± 2.15;
= 0.238). When only patients considered functional independent at baseline were included, 55 out of 463 (11.9%) converted to functional dependent at V2. To be a female (OR = 2.908;
= 0.009), have longer disease duration (OR = 1.152;
= 0.002), have a non-tremoric motor phenotype at baseline (OR = 3.574;
= 0.004), have a higher score at baseline in FOGQ (OR = 1.244;
< 0.0001) and BDI-II (OR = 1.080;
= 0.008), have a lower score at baseline in PD-CRS (OR = 0.963;
= 0.008), and have a greater increase in the score from V0 to V2 in UPDRS-IV (OR = 1.168;
= 0.0.29), FOGQ (OR = 1.348;
< 0.0001) and VAFS-Mental (OR = 1.177;
= 0.013) (adjusted R-squared 0.52; Hosmer and Lemeshow test = 0.94) were all found to be independent predictors of FD at V2.
In conclusion, autonomy for ADL worsens in PD patients compared to controls. Cognitive impairment, gait problems, fatigue, depressive symptoms, more advanced disease, and a non-tremor phenotype are independent predictors of FD in the short-term.
Background
Detection of suicidal ideation (SI) is key for trying to prevent suicide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of SI and related factors in Spanish people with Parkinson's ...Disease (PwPD) and to compare them with a control group.
Methods
PD patients and controls recruited from the Spanish cohort COPPADIS from January 2016 to November 2017 were included. Two visits were conducted: V0 (baseline); V2 (2‐year ± 1 month follow‐up). SI was defined as a score ≥1 on item nine of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II). Regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to SI.
Results
At baseline, 693 PwPD (60.2% males; 62.59 ± 8.91 years old) and 207 controls (49.8% males; 60.99 ± 8.32 years old) were included. No differences between PwPD and controls were detected in SI frequency at either V0 (5.1% 35/693 vs. 4.3% 9/207; p = 0.421) or at V2 (5.1% 26/508 vs. 4.8% 6/125; p = 0.549). Major depression (MD) and a worse quality of life were associated with SI at both visits in PwPD: V0 (MD, OR = 5.63; p = 0.003; PDQ‐39, OR = 1.06; p = 0.021); V2 (MD, OR = 4.75; p = 0.027; EUROHIS‐QOL8, OR = 0.22; p = 0.006). A greater increase in the BDI‐II total score from V0 to V2 was the only factor predicting SI at V2 (OR = 1.21; p = 0.002) along with an increase in the total number of non‐antiparkinsonian drugs (OR = 1.39; p = 0.041).
Conclusion
The frequency of SI (5%) in PwPD was similar to in controls. Depression, a worse quality of life, and a greater comorbidity were related to SI.
Key points
This study detected suicidal ideation in about 5% of people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and was not more frequent than in controls.
Independent factors associated with suicidal ideation were major depression, a worse quality of life, and an increase in mood impairment or comorbidity over time.
These findings suggest the importance of detecting depressive symptoms in PwPD and evaluation for suicide thoughts, especially in those PwPD with major depression.
Constipation has been linked to cognitive impairment development in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Our aim was to analyze cognitive changes observed in PD patients and controls from a Spanish cohort with ...regards to the presence or not of constipation.
PD patients and controls recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were followed-up during 2 years. The change in cognitive status from baseline (V0) to 2-year follow-up was assessed with the PD-CRS (Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Rating Scale). Subjects with a score ≥1 on item 21 of the NMSS (Non-Motor Symptoms Scale) at baseline (V0) were considered as "with constipation". Regression analyses were applied for determining the contribution of constipation in cognitive changes.
At V0, 39.7% (198/499) of PD patients presented constipation compared to 11.4% of controls (14/123) (p < 0.0001). No change was observed in cognitive status (PD-CRS total score) neither in controls without constipation (from 100.24±13.72 to 100.27±13.68; p = 0.971) and with constipation (from 94.71±10.96 to 93.93±13.03; p = 0.615). The PD-CRS total score decreased significantly in PD patients with constipation (from 89.14±15.36 to 85.97±18.09; p < 0.0001; Coehn's effect = -0.35) compared to patients without constipation (from 93.92±15.58 to 93.14±17.52; p = 0.250) (p = 0.018). In PD patients, to suffer from constipation at V0 was associated with a decrease in the PD-CRS total score from V0 to V2 (β= -0.1; 95% CI, -4.36 - -0.27; p = 0.026) and having cognitive impairment at V2 (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.01 - 3.17; p = 0.045).
Constipation is associated with cognitive decline in PD patients but not in controls.
Diplopia is relatively common in Parkinson's disease (PD) but is still understudied. Our aim was to analyze the frequency of diplopia in PD patients from a multicenter Spanish cohort, to compare the ...frequency with a control group, and to identify factors associated with it.
PD patients who were recruited from January 2016 to November 2017 (baseline visit; V0) and evaluated again at a 2-year ± 30 days follow-up (V2) from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort were included in this longitudinal prospective study. The patients and controls were classified as "with diplopia" or "without diplopia" according to item 15 of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) at V0, V1 (1-year ± 15 days), and V2 for the patients and at V0 and V2 for the controls.
The frequency of diplopia in the PD patients was 13.6% (94/691) at V0 (1.9% in controls 4/206;
< 0.0001), 14.2% (86/604) at V1, and 17.1% (86/502) at V2 (0.8% in controls 1/124;
< 0.0001), with a period prevalence of 24.9% (120/481). Visual hallucinations at any visit from V0 to V2 (OR = 2.264; 95%CI, 1.269-4.039;
= 0.006), a higher score on the NMSS at V0 (OR = 1.009; 95%CI, 1.012-1.024;
= 0.015), and a greater increase from V0 to V2 on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III (OR = 1.039; 95%CI, 1.023-1.083;
< 0.0001) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (OR = 1.028; 95%CI, 1.001-1.057;
= 0.049) scores were independent factors associated with diplopia (R
= 0.25; Hosmer and Lemeshow test,
= 0.716).
Diplopia represents a frequent symptom in PD patients and is associated with motor and non-motor severity.
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