Various studies have found that reading books about positive interactions between ingroup and outgroup characters, known as media vicarious contact, can reduce prejudice. Focusing on the fantasy saga ...of The Hunger Games, we examined the effects of negative vicarious contact on collective action across two studies. Specifically, we tested whether reading about fantasy characters living in a postapocalyptic conflictual society with large social disparities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups leads advantaged group members to display greater willingness to engage in collective action on behalf of the disadvantaged group. Results from Study 1 (correlational survey in the United Kingdom and United States) and Study 2 (experimental intervention in Italy) revealed that reading The Hunger Games is indirectly associated with greater collective action intentions via increased anger toward injustice. In both studies social dominance orientation (SDO) acted as a moderator, but in opposite directions: mediation was significant for low‐SDOs in Study 1, and for high‐SDOs in Study 2. Results are discussed in relation to the importance of media vicarious contact via book reading for social change, and to the need to identify the contextual conditions allowing to anticipate the specific moderation pattern that is more likely to emerge.
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are an important product of solar activity. They are connected to solar active regions and flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), EUV waves, shocks, Type II and III ...radio emissions, and X-ray bursts. These phenomena are major probes of the partition of energy in solar eruptions, as well as for the organization, dynamics, and relaxation of coronal and interplanetary magnetic fields. Many of these phenomena cause terrestrial space weather, posing multiple hazards for humans and their technology from space to the ground. Since particular flares, shocks, CMEs, and EUV waves produce SEP events but others do not, since propagation effects from the low corona to 1 AU appear important for some events but not others, and since Type II and III radio emissions and X-ray bursts are sometimes produced by energetic particles leaving these acceleration sites, it is necessary to study the whole system with a multi-frequency and multi-instrument perspective that combines both
in-situ
and remote observations with detailed modeling of phenomena. This article demonstrates this comprehensive approach and shows its necessity by analyzing a trio of unusual and striking solar eruptions, radio and X-ray bursts, and SEP events that occurred on 4 November 2015. These events show both strong similarities and differences from standard events and each other, despite having very similar interplanetary conditions and only two flare sites and CME genesis regions. They are therefore major targets for further in-depth observational studies, and for testing both existing and new theories and models. We present the complete suite of relevant observations, complement them with initial modeling results for the SEPs and interplanetary magnetic connectivity, and develop a plausible scenario for the eruptions. Perhaps controversially, the SEPs appear to be reasonably modelled and evidence points to significant non-Parker magnetic fields. Based on the very limited modeling available, we identify the aspects that are and are not understood, and we discuss ideas that may lead to improved understanding of the SEP, radio, and space-weather events.
We present Green Bank Telescope observations of the 3{sub 12}-3{sub 13} (29 GHz) and 4{sub 13}-4{sub 14} (48 GHz) transitions of the H{sub 2}CO molecule toward a sample of 23 well-studied ...star-forming regions. Analysis of the relative intensities of these transitions can be used to reliably measure the densities of molecular cores. Adopting kinetic temperatures from the literature, we have employed a large velocity gradient (LVG) model to derive the average hydrogen number density (n(H{sub 2})) within a 16'' beam toward each source. Densities in the range of 10{sup 5.5}-10{sup 6.5} cm{sup -3} and ortho-formaldehyde column densities per unit line width between 10{sup 13.5} and 10{sup 14.5} cm{sup -2} (km s{sup -1}){sup -1} are found for most objects, in general agreement with existing measurements. A detailed analysis of the advantages and limitations to this densitometry technique is also presented. We find that H{sub 2}CO 3{sub 12}-3{sub 13}/4{sub 13}-4{sub 14} densitometry proves to be best suited to objects with T{sub K} {approx}> 100 K, above which the H{sub 2}CO LVG models become relatively independent of kinetic temperature. This study represents the first detection of these H{sub 2}CO K-doublet transitions in all but one object in our sample. The ease with which these transitions were detected, coupled with their unique sensitivity to spatial density, makes them excellent monitors of density in molecular clouds for future experiments. We also report the detection of the 9{sub 2}-8{sub 1} A {sup -} (29 GHz) transition of CH{sub 3}OH toward six sources.
We present Green Bank Telescope observations of the 312--313 (29 GHz) and 413--414 (48 GHz) transitions of the H2CO molecule toward a sample of 23 well-studied star-forming regions. Analysis of the ...relative intensities of these transitions can be used to reliably measure the densities of molecular cores. Adopting kinetic temperatures from the literature, we have employed a large velocity gradient (LVG) model to derive the average hydrogen number density (n(H2)) within a 16'' beam toward each source. Densities in the range of 105.5-106.5 cm--3 and ortho-formaldehyde column densities per unit line width between 1013.5 and 1014.5 cm--2 (km s--1)--1 are found for most objects, in general agreement with existing measurements. A detailed analysis of the advantages and limitations to this densitometry technique is also presented. We find that H2CO 312--313/413--414 densitometry proves to be best suited to objects with T K 100 K, above which the H2CO LVG models become relatively independent of kinetic temperature. This study represents the first detection of these H2CO K-doublet transitions in all but one object in our sample. The ease with which these transitions were detected, coupled with their unique sensitivity to spatial density, makes them excellent monitors of density in molecular clouds for future experiments. We also report the detection of the 92-81 A -- (29 GHz) transition of CH3OH toward six sources.
This review addresses our current understanding of comets that venture close to the Sun, and are hence exposed to much more extreme conditions than comets that are typically studied from Earth. The ...extreme solar heating and plasma environments that these objects encounter change many aspects of their behaviour, thus yielding valuable information on both the comets themselves that complements other data we have on primitive solar system bodies, as well as on the near-solar environment which they traverse. We propose clear definitions for these comets: We use the term near-Sun comets to encompass all objects that pass sunward of the perihelion distance of planet Mercury (0.307 AU). Sunskirters are defined as objects that pass within 33 solar radii of the Sun’s centre, equal to half of Mercury’s perihelion distance, and the commonly-used phrase sungrazers to be objects that reach perihelion within 3.45 solar radii, i.e. the fluid Roche limit. Finally, comets with orbits that intersect the solar photosphere are termed sundivers. We summarize past studies of these objects, as well as the instruments and facilities used to study them, including space-based platforms that have led to a recent revolution in the quantity and quality of relevant observations. Relevant comet populations are described, including the Kreutz, Marsden, Kracht, and Meyer groups, near-Sun asteroids, and a brief discussion of their origins. The importance of light curves and the clues they provide on cometary composition are emphasized, together with what information has been gleaned about nucleus parameters, including the sizes and masses of objects and their families, and their tensile strengths. The physical processes occurring at these objects are considered in some detail, including the disruption of nuclei, sublimation, and ionisation, and we consider the mass, momentum, and energy loss of comets in the corona and those that venture to lower altitudes. The different components of comae and tails are described, including dust, neutral and ionised gases, their chemical reactions, and their contributions to the near-Sun environment. Comet-solar wind interactions are discussed, including the use of comets as probes of solar wind and coronal conditions in their vicinities. We address the relevance of work on comets near the Sun to similar objects orbiting other stars, and conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field and the planned ground- and space-based facilities that will allow us to address those science topics.
DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally used long (400-800 base pair) reads, but ...the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intraspecies genetic variation. Here we report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost. Single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface, amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides. Images of the surface are analysed to generate high-quality sequence. We demonstrate application of this approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scale the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. We build an accurate consensus sequence from >30x average depth of paired 35-base reads. We characterize four million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and four hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown. Our approach is effective for accurate, rapid and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.
Low-frequency (80-240 MHz) radio observations of the solar corona are presented using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), and several discoveries are reported. The corona is reviewed, followed by ...chapters on Type III bursts and circularly-polarized quiescent emission. The second chapter details new Type III burst dynamics. One source component at higher frequencies splits into two at lower frequencies, where the two components rapidly diverge. This is attributed to electron beams traversing a divergent magnetic field configuration, which is supported by extreme ultraviolet jet observations outlining a coronal null point. The third chapter uses Type III burst heights as density probes. Harmonic plasma emission implies ~4x enhancements over background models. This can be explained by electron beams traveling along dense fibers or by propagation effects that elevate apparent source heights. The quiescent corona is compared to model predictions to conclude that propagation effects can largely but not entirely explain the apparent density enhancements. The fourth chapter surveys over 100 spectropolarimetric observing runs. Around 700 compact sources are detected with polarization fractions from less than 0.5% to nearly 100%. They are interpreted as plasma emission noise storm sources down to levels not previously observable. A "bullseye" structure is reported for coronal holes, where an outer ring surrounds an oppositely-polarized central component that does not match the sign expected of thermal bremsstrahlung. The large-scale polarization structure is shown to be well-correlated with that of a global magnetic field model. The last chapter summarizes results and outlines future work. A preliminary comparison of polarization images to model predictions is shared, along with coronal mass ejection observations revealing a radio arc that is morphologically similar to the white-light structure.
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a manualized treatment for children with behavioral problems. However, dyads in low socioeconomic status (SES) communities have difficulty in completing ...PCIT and tend to drop out before attaining a level of mastery. The purpose of this paper is to adapt PCIT with child-parent psychotherapy in order to bring services to African American low-SES populations. The new adaptation of parent-child interaction therapy-home/community (PCIT-HC)-based treatment integrates the tenets of child-parent psychotherapy with the techniques, skills, and objective data collection methods of PCIT. The adaptation could then be provided to clients in any location. This approach is different from manualized PCIT, in that, PCIT-HC is deliverable in settings other than mental health clinics. The settings are the patients’ homes and other community settings. The suggested adaptation could result in an increase in the available manualized EBPs for low-SES African American families in particular. If found to be successful with the target population, the adaptation could be generalized to other economic statuses as well as ethnicities. This project is a program development paper. The paper is based on existing empirical data and best practices in the field of infant/toddler mental health. The paper integrates successful elements of already established modalities using PCIT as a foundation to make a new adaptation for use in low-SES African American populations. This adaptation is developed by reviewing the available literature of the two EBPs. Outcome measures that could be used to show effectiveness of this adaptation are the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS).
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