To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with
Tectona grandis
(teak) (
Lamiaceae
) in Thailand. In this study, samples of microfungi were collected from ...both asymptomatic stems and dead wood, and symptomatic branches, stem and leaves of
T. grandis
from 27 sites in six provinces (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Phitsanulok, Phrae and Uttaradit Provinces). Morphology and combined multi-gene phylogeny (CAL, GAPDH, ITS, LSU, RPB2, SSU, TEF1 and TUB) were used to identify taxa. A total of 270 collections, representing 28 fungal species residing in 12 families, 7 orders and 21 genera, with three species of uncertain taxonomic placement were identified. Of these, one family, three genera and 14 species are new to science. The new family,
Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae
is introduced based on its distinct lineage in the Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology as compared to
Roussoellaceae
and
Torulaceae
. The new genera are
Neooccultibambusa
,
Pseudocoleodictyospora
and
Subglobosporium
. The newly described species are
Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum
,
D. tectonendophytica
,
D. tectonae
,
D. tectonigena
,
Hermatomyces tectonae
,
H. thailandica
,
Manoharachariella tectonae
,
Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis
,
Pseudocoleodictyospora sukhothaiensis
,
Ps. tectonae
,
Ps. thailandica
,
Rhytidhysteron tectonae
,
Subglobosporium tectonae
and
Tubeufia tectonae
. Fourteen species are known published taxa including
Alternaria tillandsiae
,
Berkleasmium talaumae
,
Boerlagiomyces macrospora
,
Ceratocladium purpureogriseum
,
Fusarium solani
,
Helicoma siamense
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Macrovalsaria megalospora
,
Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum
,
Phaeoacremonium italicum
,
Sphaeropsis eucalypticola
,
Stachybotrys levispora
,
St. renispora
and
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for
Boerlagiomyces macrospora
and
Macrovalsaria megalospora. Macrovalsaria megalospora
is transferred from
Botryosphaeriaceae
to Dothideomycetes genus,
incertae sedis
based on taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis, which indicate it is distinct from
Botryosphaeriaceae
. All fungal species represent first reports on
T. grandis
in Thailand. New taxa and taxa
incertae sedis
, as well as known taxa which are established as reference specimens or epitypes, are presented with phylogenetic tree analyses, habitat, known distribution, material examined, full descriptions, notes and figures. Information is also provided for known taxa to add to the body of knowledge and to assist those wishing to study fungi occurring on
T. grandis
in future.
Sordariomycetes
is one of the largest classes of
Ascomycota
and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well ...as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the
Sordariomycetes
and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;
Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae
and
Meliolomycetidae
and five orders;
Amplistromatales
,
Annulatascales
,
Falcocladiales
,
Jobellisiales
and
Togniniales
. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in
Sordariomycetes
is also provided.
Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata. Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species, which can be endophytic, ...pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e. Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links. Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora, Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83 genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
The classification of subclass
Xylariomycetidae
is revisited with additional collections and phylogeny based on novel rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic inferences are provided and are based on ...analysis of 115 sequence data, including new data for 27 strains. An updated outline to the subclass is presented based on the phylogenies and comprises two orders, 18 families and 222 genera. An account of each order, family and genus in the subclass is given. We accept the orders
Amphisphaeriales
and
Xylariales
based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
Amphisphaeriales
comprises
Amphisphaeriaceae
,
Bartaliniaceae
fam. nov.,
Clypeosphaeriaceae
,
Discosiaceae
fam. nov.,
Pestalotiopsidaceae
fam. nov. and
Phlogicylindriaceae
fam. nov.
Xylariales
comprises
Apiosporaceae
,
Cainiaceae
,
Coniocessiaceae
,
Diatrypaceae
,
Graphostromataceae
(doubtful),
Hyponectriaceae
,
Iodosphaeriaceae
,
Lopadostomaceae
fam. nov.,
Melogrammataceae
,
Pseudomassariaceae
fam. nov.,
Vialaeaceae
and
Xylariaceae
. The new genera and species introduced are
Arthrinium hyphopodii
,
A. subglobosa
,
Cainia anthoxanthis
,
Ciferriascosea
gen. nov.,
C. fluctamurum
,
C. rectamurum
,
Discosia neofraxinea
,
D. pseudopleurochaeta
,
Hyalotiella rubi
,
Seimatosporium cornii
,
S. ficeae
,
S. vitis
and
Truncatella spartii
.
Species and generic recognition in the order
Xylariales
has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, ...we revise the families
Graphostromataceae
,
Hypoxylaceae
,
Lopadostomataceae
and
Xylariaceae
in
Xylariales
. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in
Graphostromataceae
, 19 genera in
Hypoxylaceae
, four in
Lopadostomataceae
and 37 genera in
Xylariaceae
. Five genera previously treated in
Xylariaceae
are placed in
Amphisphaeriales
genera
incertae sedis
and seven genera are placed in
Xylariales
genera
incertae sedis.
Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera
incertae sedis.
Three genera are considered as doubtful.
Barrmaelia
and
Cannonia
, presently included in
Xylariaceae
are transferred to
Diatrypaceae
and
Coniochaetales
respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny.
Areolospora
and
Myconeesia
are excluded from
Xylariaceae
and synonymized with
Phaeosporis
and
Anthostomella
respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven ...new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are
Acremoniisimulans
(Plectosphaerellaceae),
Pandanaceomyces
,
Pseudoachroiostachy
(Nectriaceae
)
,
Pseudohyaloseta
(Niessliaceae),
Pseudoornatispora
(Stachybotriaceae) and
Yunnanomyces
(Sympoventuriaceae). New species are
Acremoniisimulans thailandensis
,
Beltrania krabiensis
,
Beltraniella pandanicola
,
B
.
thailandicus
,
Canalisporium krabiense
,
C
.
thailandensis
,
Clonostachys krabiensis
,
Curvularia chonburiensis
,
C
.
pandanicola
,
C
.
thailandicum
,
C
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyochaeta pandanicola
,
Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis
,
D
.
pandanicola
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Dictyosporium appendiculatum
,
Di
.
guttulatum
,
Di
.
hongkongensis
,
Di
.
krabiense
,
Di
.
pandanicola
,
Distoseptispora thailandica
,
D
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Helicoma freycinetiae
,
Hermatomyces biconisporus
,
Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis
,
L
.
pandanicola
,
Lasionectria krabiense
,
Menisporopsis pandanicola
,
Montagnula krabiensis
,
Musicillium pandanicola
,
Neofusicoccum pandanicola
,
Neohelicomyces pandanicola
,
Neooccultibambusa thailandensis
,
Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis
,
N
.
pandanicola
,
N
.
phangngaensis
,
Pandanaceomyces krabiensis
,
Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Parasarcopodium hongkongensis
,
Pestalotiopsis krabiensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis
,
P
.
pandanicola
,
P
.
xishuangbannaensis
,
Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense
,
Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola
,
Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola
,
Pseudoornatispora krabiense
,
Pseudopithomyces pandanicola
,
Rostriconidium pandanicola
,
Sirastachys phangngaensis
,
Stictis pandanicola
,
Terriera pandanicola
,
Thozetella pandanicola
,
Tubeufia freycinetiae
,
T
.
parvispora
,
T
.
pandanicola
,
Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis
,
Volutella krabiense
,
V
.
thailandensis
and
Yunnanomyces pandanicola
. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book
Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae
by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
During a north–south latitudinal survey of aquatic fungi on submerged wood and herbaceous material in streams in the Asian region, we collected several hyphomycetous taxa. This paper is part of a ...series where we provide illustrated accounts of these taxa and place them in a natural classification in the fungi. DNA sequence based phylogenies in recent literature have shown that
Dendryphion
,
Sporidesmium
and Torula-like species are polyphyletic in the phylum Ascomycota and their taxonomyhas been problematic due to a lack of understanding of the importance of morphological characters used to delimit taxa, as well as the lack of ex-type or reference strains. Based on multi-locus phylogenies together with morphology, we propose the novel family
Distoseptisporaceae
(Sordariomycetes) and three novel genera
Neotorula
(
Pleosporales
, Dothideomycetes),
Distoseptispora
(Sordariomycetes) and
Pseudosporidesmium
(Sordariomycetes). In addition,
Dendryphion aquaticum
,
D. submersum
,
Distoseptispora fluminicola
,
D. aquatica
,
Kirschsteiniothelia submersa
,
Neotorula aquatica
,
Sporidesmium aquaticum
,
S. submersum
and
S. fluminicola
are introduced as new species.
Pseudosporidesmium knawiae comb. nov
. is proposed to accommodate
Sporidesmium knawiae
in Sordariomycetes. The polyphyletic nature of
Dendryphion
,
Sporidesmium
and Torula-like species are partially resolved, but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species are needed to obtain a natural classification.
The genus
Phomopsis
(teleomorph
Diaporthe
) comprises phytopathologically important microfungi with diverse host associations and a worldwide distribution. Species concepts in
Phomopsis
have been ...based historically on morphology, cultural characteristics and host affiliation. This paper serves to provide an overview of the current status of the taxonomy in
Phomopsis
with special reference to biology, applications of various species, species concepts, future research perspectives and names of common pathogens, the latter being given taxonomic reappraisal. Accurate species identification is critical to understanding disease epidemiology and in developing effective control measures for plant diseases. Difficulties in accurate species identification using morphology have led to the application of alternative approaches to differentiate species, including virulence and pathogenicity, biochemistry, metabolites, physiology, antagonism, molecular phylogenetics and mating experiments. Redefinition of
Phomopsis/Diaporthe
species has been ongoing, and some species have been redefined based on a combination of molecular, morphological, cultural, phytopathological and mating type data. Rapid progress in molecular identification has in particular revolutionized taxonomic studies, providing persuasive genetic evidence to define the species boundaries. A backbone ITS based phylogenetic tree is here in generated using the sequences derived from 46 type, epitype cultures, and vouchers and is presented as a rough and quick identification guide for species of
Phomopsis
. The need for epitypification of taxonomic entities and the need to use multiple loci in phylogenies that better reflect species limits are suggested. The account of names of phytopathogens currently in use are listed alphabetically and annotated with a taxonomic entry, teleomorph, associated hosts and disease symptoms, including brief summaries of taxonomic and phylogenetic research. Available type culture information and details of gene sequences derived from type cultures are also summarized and tabulated.
Stachybotrys
(asexual Hypocreales) has a worldwide distribution. This genus inhabits substrates rich in cellulose and is closely related to
Memnoniella
. Classification of species has previously been ...based on morphology, with conidial characters being considered as important. This study re-evaluates
Stachybotrys
and
Memnoniella
, which is shown to include at least seven species-groups; while
Memnoniella
is a synonym of
Stachybotrys
. The sexual genera
Ornatispora
and
Melanopsamma
are also synonyms of
Stachybotrys
. With the exception of
Stachybotrys subsimplex
, species formed a well-supported monophyletic group in LSU data analysis belonging to
Stachybotriaceae
. Seventy-four accepted
Stachybotrys
species are discussed, while eight species are considered to belong to other genera or are doubtful in this paper and a key to these species provided. Twelve new combinations and 1 nomina nova is proposed. The status of
Stachybotrys
species on health, as human or animal pathogens, in indoor environments, and use as biocontrol agents and compound discovery are also discussed.
Fungicolous fungi are a very large, diverse, ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi. This association occurs with species of different lineages across the ...fungal kingdom. They are recognized as symbionts, mycoparasites, saprotrophs, and even neutrals. Wherever fungi have been found, fungicolous taxa have also been found. Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species, which could have led to host-specificity aspects. As a primary consumer, fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs, due to their special often-rapid life cycles. They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi, some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents. They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms, decreasing both yield and quality. Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions, fungal evolution and divergence, and fungicolous mechanisms. This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi, with a particular focus on the terminology, diversity, global distribution, and interaction with their hosts. We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes. There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology, ecological aspects, origin and divergence, host-specificity and application in biocontrol. Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.
