Bacterial cellulose (BC) has received attention in research because of its unique characteristics. Especially, it has emerged as a very promising and versatile candidate for biomedical applications. ...In this study, it was aimed to boost some structural and biological properties of BC by crosslinking, which play important role in medical field. Synthesized, purified, and neutralized BC pellicles were cross‐linked (X‐linked) in different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt/vol%) with citric acid/sodium hypophosphite. Formation of X‐Links confirmed by Fourier transform‐infrared. Obtained spectrums showed that the density of X‐links would raise up to a limit with increasing the concentration of citric acid. X‐ray diffraction data analysis of samples showed a decline in crystallinity of samples with increasing the intensity of X‐linking treatment. Scanning electron microscope images and MTT assay confirmed the better cell adhesion, viability and proliferation for X‐linked samples and no toxicity was observed for all samples including (non‐X‐linked and X‐linked). It was concluded that some important structural and biological properties of BC (which were very critical for biomedical applications) were related mutually and could be modified with X‐linking treatment simultaneously.
Cotton fabric, which is a natural cellulosic material, has many advantages. However, it is prone to wrinkling easily. On the other hand, Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a synthetic form of cellulose with ...unique structural and morphological features, making it suitable for use in various industries and many applications. This study aimed to investigate the potential of developing a bacterial cellulose coating to improve the crease resistance of cotton fabric. Firstly, Acetobacter synthesized BC, dissolved in 4-methyl morpholine-4-oxide, and sprayed on cotton fabric samples. After the coated samples were dried and washed, the bacterial cellulose dissolved in the coating solution solidified and filled the gaps and spaces between the yarn and fibers. The morphology of coated samples showed the presence of a coated layer on cotton fibers and between them. Results also showed that the moisture regain of coated and uncoated samples was not significantly different. However, the coated samples exhibited better breaking strength, holding, and wrinkling resistance, while their wicking ability, water absorption, and breaking elongation decreased as expected. It was concluded that the new approach could potentially improve the physical properties of cellulosic materials, particularly in enhancing the crease resistance of cotton fabric.
The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the plausibility of employing honey impregnated nano microbial cellulose (NMC) produced in Hestrin-Schramm media as a novel wound dressing. In the ...initial stage, three predominant characteristics of thyme, Astragalus, and Ziziphus honey including pH, total soluble solids as well as hydrogen peroxide content were assessed. In the second stage, the zone of inhibition diameters for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. S.areous) were examined respectively. Meanwhile, ATR-FTIR, XRD, and SEM were applied to study the chemical, physical structures, and surface morphology of NMC pellicle. In addition, Air permeability and wettability of samples were studied. The obtained results revealed that in spite of possessing the lowest amount of hydrogen peroxide, thyme honey had the uppermost antibacterial property. Furthermore, wettability and sinking time of treated NMC with thyme honey were 43% and 49% higher than the untreated NMC respectively and purified dry raw cellulose had 11% higher air permeability than dry raw cellulose in 400 Pa. According to the results, the treated NMC with thyme honey has a high potential to be applied in the medical field as a novel wound dressing.
Nowadays, skin biocompatible products are fast-growing markets for nanocelluloses with increasing number of patents published in last decade. This review highlights recent developments, market ...trends, safety assessments, and regulations for different nanocellulose types (i.e. nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanoyarns, bacterial nanocellulose) used in skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare. The specific properties of nanocelluloses for skincare include high viscosity and shear thinning properties, surface functionality, dispersion stability, water-holding capacity, purity, and biocompatibility. Depending on their morphology (e.g. size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanocelluloses can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. Nanocellulose composite particles were recently developed as carriers for bioactive compounds or UV-blockers and platforms for wound healing and skin sensors. As toxicological assessment depends on morphologies and intrinsic properties, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanocellulose dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough are related to optimization of production and processing conditions.
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Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant attention as innovative materials for advancing biomedical applications due to their diverse physicochemical properties and advantageous attributes. This ...review article comprehensively summarizes the nanostructures, surface chemistry, optical properties, and synthesis methods of CDs, including electrochemical oxidation, arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical oxidation, ultrasonic treatment, hydrothermal/solvothermal processes, microwave-assisted techniques, pyrolysis, and hybrid synthesis routes. With their low toxicity and good biocompatibility, CDs are highly desirable for biomedical applications. The review highlights recent significant advances in properties such as ultraviolet–visible absorption and band gap, quantum yield, photoluminescence, phosphorescence, photostability, photobleaching, and dispersibility. Furthermore, the article systematically explores the promising applications of CDs in biomedicine, including biosensing, bioimaging, cell labeling and tracking, drug delivery, gene delivery, antibacterial properties, antiviral activities, viral inhibition, and cancer therapy. The comprehensive overview provided in this review article offers insights into the synthesis, properties, and applications of CDs, emphasizing their potential as innovative materials for advancing biomedical research and development.
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a natural polysaccharide produced as extracellular material by bacterial strains and has favorable intrinsic properties for primary use in biomedical applications. In ...this review, an update on state-of-the art and challenges in BNC production, surface modification and biomedical application is given. Recent insights in biosynthesis allowed for better understanding of governing parameters improving production efficiency. In particular, introduction of different carbon/nitrogen sources from alternative feedstock and industrial upscaling of various production methods is challenging. It is important to have control on the morphology, porosity and forms of BNC depending on biosynthesis conditions, depending on selection of bacterial strains, reactor design, additives and culture conditions. The BNC is intrinsically characterized by high water absorption capacity, good thermal and mechanical stability, biocompatibility and biodegradability to certain extent. However, additional chemical and/or physical surface modifications are required to improve cell compatibility, protein interaction and antimicrobial properties. The novel trends in synthesis include the in-situ culturing of hybrid BNC nanocomposites in combination with organic material, inorganic material or extracellular components. In parallel with toxicity studies, the applications of BNC in wound care, tissue engineering, medical implants, drug delivery systems or carriers for bioactive compounds, and platforms for biosensors are highlighted.
Membrane technology is of great interest in various environmental and industrial applications, where membranes are used to separate different mixtures of gas, solid-gas, liquid-gas, liquid-liquid, or ...liquid-solid. In this context, nanocellulose (NC) membranes can be produced with predefined properties for specific separation and filtration technologies. This review explains the use of nanocellulose membranes as a direct, effective, and sustainable way to solve environmental and industrial problems. The different types of nanocellulose (i.e., nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers) and their fabrication methods (i.e., mechanical, physical, chemical, mechanochemical, physicochemical, and biological) are discussed. In particular, the structural properties of nanocellulose membranes (i.e., mechanical strength, interactions with various fluids, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and biodegradability) are reviewed in relation to membrane performances. Advanced applications of nanocellulose membranes in reverse osmosis (RO), microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), and ultrafiltration (UF) are highlighted. The applications of nanocellulose membranes offer significant advantages as a key technology for air purification, gas separation, and water treatment, including suspended or soluble solids removal, desalination, or liquid removal using pervaporation membranes or electrically driven membranes. This review will cover the current state of research, future prospects, and challenges in commercializing nanocellulose membranes with respect to membrane applications.
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•Perspectives of nanocellulose in membrane separation and filtration technology were covered.•Different methods for the preparation of nanocellulose separation membranes were covered.•Structural properties of nanocellulose separation and filtration membranes were discussed.•Different uses of nanocellulose separation membranes in different mixtures were highlighted.
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•Tramadol administration exacerbated the atrophy of hippocampus.•Tramadol increased the expression of VEGF, GDNF and Caspase3 at protein levels.•Administration of tramadol changed the ...morphological characteristics of microglia cells.•Tramadol induced differential gene expression of inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy- specific genes in hippocampus.
Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine and stimulates neurodegeneration in several parts of the brain that leads to various behavioral impairments. Despite the leading role of hippocampus in learning and memory as well as decreased function of them under influence of tramadol, there are few studies analyzing the effect of tramadol administration on gene expression profiling and structural consequences in hippocampus region. Thus, we sought to determine the effect of tramadol on both PC12 cell line and hippocampal tissue, from gene expression changes to structural alterations. In this respect, we investigated genome‐wide mRNA expression using high throughput RNA-seq technology and confirmatory quantitative real‐time PCR, accompanied by stereological analysis of hippocampus and behavioral assessment following tramadol exposure. At the cellular level, PC12 cells were exposed to 600 μM tramadol for 48 hrs, followed by the assessments of ROS amount and gene expression levels of neurotoxicity associated with neurodegenerative pathways such as apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, the structural and functional alteration of the hippocampus under chronic exposure to tramadol was also evaluated. In this regard, rats were treated with tramadol at doses of 50 mg/kg for three consecutive weeks. In vitro data revealed that tramadol provoked ROS production and caused the increase in the expression of autophagic and apoptotic genes in PC12 cells. Furthermore, in-vivo results demonstrated that tramadol not only did induce hippocampal atrophy, but it also triggered microgliosis and microglial activation, causing upregulation of apoptotic and inflammatory markers as well as over-activation of neurodegeneration. Tramadol also interrupted spatial learning and memory function along with long-term potentiation (LTP). Taken all together, our data disclosed the neurotoxic effects of tramadol on both in vitro and in-vivo. Moreover, we proposed a potential correlation between disrupted biochemical cascades and memory deficit under tramadol administration.
Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited disorder hallmarked by progressive deterioration of specific neurons, followed by movement and cognitive anomalies. Cell therapy approaches in ...neurodegenerative conditions have concentrated on the replenishment of lost/dying neurons with functional ones. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been represented as a potential remedy for HD. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSCs) and their paracrine effect against oxidative stress with a specific focus on HD. To this end, UCMSCs were isolated, immunophenotypically characterized by the positive expression of MSC markers, and exhibited multilineage potentiality. Besides, synthesis of neurotrophic factors of GDNF and VEGF by UCMSC was confirmed. Initially, PC12 cells were exposed to superoxide in the presence of conditioned media (CM) collected from UCMSC (UCMSC-CM) and cell viability plus neuritogenesis were measured. Next, bilateral striatal transplantation of UCMSC in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) lesioned rat models was conducted, and 1 month later, post-graft analysis was performed. According to our in vitro results, CM of UCMSC protected PC12 cells against oxidative stress and considerably enhanced cell viability and neurite outgrowth. On the other hand, transplanted UCMSC survived, decreased gliosis, and ameliorated motor coordination and muscle activity, along with an increase in striatal volume as well as in dendritic length of the striatum in HD rats. Collectively, our findings imply that UCMSCs provide an enriched platform by largely their paracrine factors, which downgrades the unfavorable effects of oxidative stress.
3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) is a neurotoxin that is known to mainly affect the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) in the brain stem. Although several studies have explored the effect of this neurotoxin, ...still further investigation is required to understand the impact of this toxin on different parts of the brain. In this research, two groups of rats were studied, the 3-AP-treated and the control groups. Behavioral, stereological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The locomotor activity of the 3-AP-treated rats decreased whereas their anxiety levels were higher than in normal controls. Also, memory performance was impaired in animals in the 3-AP group. Microscopic observations showed a decline in the numerical density of neurons in the hippocampus and striatum along with gliosis. Although this toxin is used to affect the ION, it exerts a neurotoxic effect on different brain regions.
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