Although parabens have several features of ideal preservatives, different studies have shown that they may affect human health due to their estrogenic activity. Therefore, various strategies have ...been applied to reduce their skin penetration. However, the effect of paraben combinations on transdermal permeation has not yet been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate paraben permeation in pig ear skin using a Franz diffusion cell system with capillary electrophoresis detection, in order to identify which paraben combinations (defined by a factorial design) have the lowest skin permeation. The permeation of isolated parabens was also evaluated and the permeation characteristics, obtained by the Moser model, confirmed that lipophilicity and molecular weight may influence the systemic absorption of these compounds. In previous tests using isolated parabens, methyl and ethyl parabens presented greater retention in the epidermis compared to the dermis, while propyl and butyl parabens had similar retention profiles in these layers. An increase in ethanol concentration and experimental time promoted greater parabens retention in the dermis compared to the epidermis. The binary combinations of methyl and ethyl parabens as well as of methyl and propyl parabens (added to several cosmetic products in order to increase the antimicrobial spectrum) reduced significantly their permeation rates through pig ear skin (with the exception of EP), probably due to the high retention of these parabens in the epidermis and dermis.
Myrcia is a genus widespread in South America with many species presenting anti-inflammatory and biological properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract ...of Myrcia pubipetala leaves (CHE-MP) using macrophages (RAW 264.7), and the air pouch model in mice to evaluate leukocyte migration and mediator's release. Adhesion molecule expression, CD49 and CD18, was evaluated in neutrophils. In vitro, the CHE-MP significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in the exudate and the supernatant culture. CHE-MP did not present cytotoxicity and modulated the percentage of positive neutrophils for CD18 and its expression per cell, without modifying the expression of CD49, which corroborated with significantly reduced neutrophil migration to inflammatory exudate and subcutaneous tissue. Taken together, the data demonstrate that CHE-MP presents a potential activity on innate inflammatory.
Basidiomycetes fungi have been utilized for the production of several compounds with bioactive properties, such as phenolic compounds. The present work quantified and identified the phenolic ...compounds produced in a kinetic study (63 days) and evaluated the antimicrobial activity from the extract obtained by
Ganoderma lipsiense
cultivation in solid-state fermentation using red rice. Phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) and caffeic acid content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). Caffeic and syringic acids were produced by
G. lipsiense
. In the control medium (red rice), the following compounds were identified:
p
-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid and vanillin. High concentrations of caffeic acid (0.977 µg g
−1
) were measured in 49 days. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique.
Ganoderma lipsiense
extract was only effective against
P. aeruginosa
. These data have proved to be satisfactory in the study of biosynthesis of caffeic acid and antibacterial compounds by
G. lipsiense
in solid-state fermentation with red rice.
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•Gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and isoquercetrin were the major phenolics.•Intermediate-ripe and fully ripe stages showed higher content of phenolic compounds.•Fructose and ...glucose were higher in the fully ripe stage.•K, Na, Ca, and Mg were higher in the intermediate and intermediate-ripe stages.
Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lamarck) is a native fruit of the Atlantic rain forest that belongs to Myrtaceae family. It presents economic potential due to the attractive sensory attributes and bioactive compounds. This study determined physicochemical characteristics, minerals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn), sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), total content of phenolics, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins, individual phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity at three ripening stages of grumixama from two growing locations (Florianópolis and São Ludgero, Santa Catarina state, Brazil). Of the 23 phenolic compounds quantified, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and isoquercetrin were the major (with values up to 69.08 mg/100 g fresh weight). Fructose (up to 5.28 g/100 g fresh weight) was the main sugar, and K (up to 589.30 mg/100 g fresh weight) was the major mineral, followed by Ca, Na, and Mg (up to 149.02, 117.52, and 80.18 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively). More mature fruits had the highest levels of total phenolics (up to 469.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh weight), anthocyanins (up to 518.64 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent/100 g fresh weight), and proanthocyanidins (up to 420.70 mg catechin equivalent/100 g fresh weight). The influence of growing location and ripening on nutritional and physicochemical characteristics was confirmed. There was a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.05) between both factors for almost all parameters evaluated. The results showed that grumixama fruits could contribute to the daily intake of nutritional and bioactive compounds for consumers' health.
► A MECK–UV method was developed using a full factorial for 5-HMF separation. ► Multiple regression enables the mathematical relationship for a response function. ► The analysis time is shorter than ...others CE methods reported in the literature. ► Under optimal CE conditions, 5-HMF peak was recorded in less than 0.7min. ► Samples were dissolved in purified H2O and injected without any other pretreatment.
In this study, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) determination was carried out by a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) methodology, using caffeine as the internal standard (IS). The optimisation of the electrolyte composition was approached using a 32 full factorial design with a central point to study the MEKC electrolyte components. Inspection of the response surface indicated that the optimal electrolyte composition was 5mmolL−1 sodium tetraborate (STB, pH 9.3) containing 120mmolL−1 sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Under optimal CE conditions, separation of the investigated substance was achieved in less than 0.7min. Quality parameters, such as linearity (R2>0.99), precision (RSD<5.41%), detection and quantification limits (3.37 and 11.24mgkg−1 for honey samples) and recovery (96.37–99.56%). The proposed methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of 5-HMF in honey samples. The analytical performance of this method makes it suitable for implementation in food laboratories for the routine determination of 5-HMF in honey samples.
Summary
This study evaluated the effects of different gastrointestinal digestion models in vitro on the bioaccessibility of phenolics and antioxidant activity in juçara frozen pulp. In the sequence, ...method 3 was applied to juçara fruit in three different stages of maturation (vitrin – reddish fruits, mature – purple fruits, tuíra – deep purple fruits). In the method applied, the final pH adopted was 5.0, in order to avoid interference in the assay used to determine the antioxidant activity, and BHT was used to prevent excessive oxidation in the system. In this method, higher values for antioxidant activity were obtained (3574.95–3719.10 μmol L−1 Trolox 100 g−1 pulp) compared with the other two methods tested (1969.14–3034.74 μmol L−1 Trolox 100 g−1 pulp). In relation to juçara fruit, the mature stage was found to be ideal for processing, showing generally higher values of the bioaccessibility for phenolics and antioxidant activity compared to other maturation stages.
Scheme of the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of juçara and antioxidant activity in different gastrointestinal conditions.
This work investigated the antioxidant and antidepressant-like effects of ethyl acetate extract from
Eugenia catharinensis
in mice treated with corticosterone (20 mg/Kg). The animals received saline ...or corticosterone (21 days) and, in the last 7 days, they were treated with the extract (50, 125, 200 or 250 mg/Kg) or vehicle. After 24 h, the mice were submitted to the open field and forced swimming tests, after which the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed. Our results showed that the extract decreased the immobility time of mice in the forced swimming test and that the extract was able to reverse the effect caused by corticosterone. Corticosterone pre-treatment generated oxidative stress, altering antioxidant enzymes in the nervous tissue. The extract increased the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and reversed the effects of corticosterone. In the hippocampus, the extract increased superoxide dismutase activity and reversed the increase in catalase activity elicited by corticosterone. We propose that the effects elicited by the
Eugenia catharinensis
are dependent on the presence of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, 4-hydroxy methylbenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid,
p
-coumaric acid, isoquercetin, rutin, ferulic acid, aromadendrin, galangin and apigenin) in this extract, as demonstrated by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
Abstract Myrcia splendens is popularly known as “guamirim-de-folha-miúda”, and its occurrence ranges from Mexico to southern Brazil. The aim of this work was to identify and quantify phenolic ...compounds in the crude hydroalcoholic (EBH), ethyl acetate (EBAE) and dichloromethane (EBDM) extracts using the HPLC-ESI- MS/MS. In total, 15 compounds, including protocatecuic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, isoquercetin, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, carnosol, gallic acid, syringaldehyde, umbelliferone, coniferaldehyde, myricetin and kaempferol were identified. Ellagic acid was the major compound in all extracts.
Resumo Myrcia splendens é conhecida popularmente por “guamirim-de-folha-miúda”, e sua ocorrência vai desde o México até o sul do Brasil. Poucos estudos sobre sua composição química existem na literatura, sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar substâncias fenólicas nos extratos brutos hidroalcoólico (EBH), acetato de etila (EBAE) e diclorometano (EBDM) através da técnica de HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Ao total, 15 substâncias foram identificadas, incluindo ácido protocatecuico, ácido siríngico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido salicílico, isoquercetina, ácido elágico, ácido ferúlico, umbeliferona, coniferaldeído, sinapaldeído, carnosol, ácido gálico, siringaldeído, coniferaldeído, miricetina e kaempferol. O ácido elágico foi a substância majoritária em todos os extratos.
The dataset showed in this manuscript belongs to the investigation of the Southern-Brazilian geopropolis of stingless bees. Stingless bees are native species of insects from tropical areas; they ...produce honey, pollen and geopropolis that is composed of a mix of vegetal extracts, digestive enzymes, and mostly by soil. Used in folk medicine as antiseptic, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, the composition is due to bee species, climate changes, local flora, and soil type. Moreover, the complex chemical content gives to the geopropolis a bioactive potential, with scavenging characteristics that is important to avoid free radical damages in the human health.
Regarding the importance of exploring new natural matrices sources with bioactive potential, the first approach of chemical characterization of geopropolis is indispensable. Thus, ten samples of Southern-Brazilian geopropolis were analyzed and the bioactive responses obtained were discussed in the accompanying article titled “Southern-Brazilian geopropolis: A potential source of polyphenolic compounds and assessment of mineral composition”. Furthermore, the physicochemical analysis of moisture and ash content, the yield of extraction, the reducing activity and free radical scavenging potential of ethanolic extracts, the antimicrobial activity, and the analysis of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS chromatograms are the main data presented in brief. The data can guide scientists in order to know methods and data for these samples.
Analysis of physicochemical parameters, phenolic compounds, total reducing capacity, free radical scavenging, and antimicrobial potential was performed in 14 samples of honey from six different ...species of stingless bees from Brazil. The results of the physicochemical properties showed high moisture (24.28%–38.20% wt/wt), free acidity above 50 meq/kg for most honey samples, reducing sugars ranging from 58.79% to 73.01% (wt/wt), 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) below the limit of quantification (0.074 mg/L), diastase activity from <3 to 70.91 Göthe units, and electrical conductivity values varying from 0.13 to 0.84 mS cm−1. In addition, 12 phenolic compounds were quantified, being taxifolin (<LOD—41.40 µg 100 g−1) and syringaldehyde (<LOD—75.00 µg 100 g−1) the compounds that presented the higher concentrations. The results also showed that the honey has reducing capacity, free radical‐scavenging activity and, presents potential growth inhibitor of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Stingless bee honey can be pointed out as a peculiar product with antioxidants and antibacterial properties.
Practical applications
The Meliponinae form a large group of bees that lack a sting and are found among various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The honey produced by these bees is a peculiar product due to its physical, chemical, and sensorial characteristics. For these aspects, this honey has been being valued in the world market, and studies about its composition have been conducted. However, the huge variety of species of stingless bee results in honeys with diverse composition, being influenced also by the climate, soil characteristics, flowers, and geographical regions. For this reason, having the knowledge about the composition of honeys from different regions, species, or origins can help in the standardization and regulation of this honey (regulations are nonexistent yet), being able to expand its world market.
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