The endothelial glycocalyx (EGC) is a layer of proteoglycans (associated with glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins, which adsorbs plasma proteins on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Its ...main function is to participate in separating the circulating blood from the inner layers of the vessels and the surrounding tissues. Physiologically, the EGC stimulates mechanotransduction, the endothelial charge, thrombocyte adhesion, leukocyte tissue recruitment, and molecule extravasation. Hence, severe impairment of the EGC has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including sepsis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, hypernatremia, hypervolemia, atherosclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, alterations in EGC have been associated with altered responses to therapeutic interventions in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Investigation into the function of the glycocalyx has expanded knowledge about vascular disorders and indicated the need to consider new approaches in the treatment of severe endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to present the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases and to elucidate the impact of heart surgery on EGC dysfunction.
Case report: 46-years-old patient with positive family anamnesis of cardiovascular diseases was presented in Special Hospital Magdalena in January 2017 with fatigue and chest pain. Cardiology work up ...revealed dilated cardiomyopathy (EF 20%), moderate mitral regurgitation and thrombus in left ventricle. On a second day of hospitalization patient was diagnosed with left popliteal artery embolism. After the treatment with low molecular heparin, thrombus was dissolved, and popliteal artery was recanalized. He continued anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. During hospitalization another complication occurred. Left sided pneumonia was successfully treated with azithromycin and ceftriaxone. Beside his cardiological problems, hepatic lesion was also verified. The etiology of hepatic lesion was probably alcohol abuse as it was for dilated cardiomyopathy1. In February 2018. invasive coronarography showed anomalous origin of left anterior descending artery from right coronary sinus with intact coronary arteries. Echocardiography was performed and there was an improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (50%) and a sign of mild mitral regurgitation. In our hospital, MSCT coronarography verified anomalous origin of one left anterior descending artery from right coronary sinus, at the level of the exit of right coronary artery, with „bridging“ along the whole proximal segment. Left main coronary artery exits from left coronary sinus from where arises (except circumflex artery) another left anterior descending artery running in normal anatomic position along left ventricle with all developed branches, septals and diagonals2. Magnetic resonance imaging showed dilated cardiomyopathy with
ejection fraction 40%; nonspecific, stationary deficit of perfusion in intraventricular septum and inferior wall with typical pathological imbibition of myocardium, “midventricular type“, in post-contrast
sequences. This sign is typical for toxic, dilated cardiomyopathy. This heart with coronary arteries is 3D printed.
Sastav mlijeka varira unutar razmjerno širokih granica. Niz činilaca utječe na kolebanja pojedinih sastojaka, naročito količine masti a među ostalima pasmina i individualne osobine muzare, te način ...ishrane, stadij laktacije, starost i zdravlje muzare, zatim broj mužnji, duljina razdoblja između dvije mužnje, količina proizvedenog mlijeka, muzač, klima, te godišnje doba.
Ex libris Miletić, Silvija
Mljekarstvo,
10/1991, Letnik:
41, Številka:
10
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Obilježavanje četrdesete godišnjice izlaženja časopisa "MLJEKARSTVO" podsjetilo je na datume objavljivanja prvih mljekarskih knjiga na području Hrvatske. Prije 105 godina (1886.) tiskana je u Zagrebu ...vjerojatno prva knjiga o mljekarstvu "UMNO MLIEKARENJE", a prije 79 godina (1912.) u Križevcima "ISTRAŽIVANJE MLIJEKA I MLIJEČNIH PROIZVODA" i u Zadru "SIRARSTVO DALMACIJE I KAKO DA SE POPRAVI", dok je prije 78 godina u Zagrebu tiskano "MLJEKARSTVO".
U našoj stručnoj literaturi nalazimo vrlo malo podataka o sastavu mlijeka, iako je kemijska analiza vrlo velikog broja uzoraka mlijeka svakodnevni zadatak brojnih institucija.
U razdoblju od 1979. do 1983. godine nastavili smo određivati količine bakra i željeza, elemenata u tragovima, u uzorcima pasteriziranog mlijeka sa zagrebačkog tržišta u namjeri da, doprinesemo ...poznavanju kvalitete tog proizvoda i ukažemo na ovisnost kolebanja tih sastojaka o utjecaju godišnjeg doba.
Srednje vrijednosti količina suhe tvari bez masti i bjelančevina ukupno 1.434 uzorka pasteriziranog mlijeka zagrebačkog tržišta u razdoblju od početka 1974. do kraja 1983. godine kolebale su od 7,69 ...do 8,47 (suha tvar bez masti), te od 2,71 do 3,17 (bjelančevine) posto. Razlike srednjih vrijednosti između pojedinih mjeseci bile su većinom etatistički opravdane u slučaju količina bjelančevina, a većinom statistički ne-signifikantne ako se radilo o količinama suhe tvari bez masti uzoraka mlijeka.
Kemijske analize uzoraka pasteriziranog mlijeka izvedene su u Radnim jedinicama "Zavod za mljekarstvo" i "Zavod za zootehniku i hranidbu domaćih životinja" OOUR-a institut za stočarstvo i mljekarstvo ...Fakulteta poljoprivrednih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Posljednjih se godina mnogo pažnje posvećuje metodama koncentracije i sušenja sirutke, mogućnostima korištenja tog proizvoda u ishrani stoke, proizvodnji sirutke i pojedinih sastojaka izdvojenih iz ...sirutke za korištenje u prehrani ljudi, ekonomskim i tehničkim problemima proizvodnje, prijevoza i skladištenja sirutke kako tekuće, tako i djelomice koncentrirane, te sirutke u prahu.
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