Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides a high en bloc resection rate with less invasiveness than surgical resection for large or scarring gastrointestinal neoplasms. However, detailed ...outcomes in colorectal ESD are still lacking. The aim of our study was to elucidate short- and long-term outcomes of colorectal ESD.
310 consecutive colorectal epithelial neoplasms (146 adenomas, 164 carcinomas), in 290 patients, which fulfilled our indication criteria and were treated with ESD between July 2000 and December 2008 were studied. ESD was done by three skilled endoscopists. As short-term outcomes, rates of en bloc resection, en bloc plus R0 resection, and major complications were analyzed. As long-term outcomes, disease-free and overall survival were assessed in 224 patients.
Rates of en bloc resection and en bloc plus R0 resection were 90.3 % and 74.5 %, respectively. Eight patients underwent additional colectomy due to histopathologically proven possible node-positive cancer. Intraoperative perforations occurred with 14 lesions (4.5 %), which were treated successfully only by endoscopic clipping. Emergent surgery was needed for one case of postoperative perforation. Blood transfusion due to intraoperative massive bleeding was required in 1 case (0.3 %). Postoperative bleeding occurred with four lesions (1.3 %), and was endoscopically managed without blood transfusion. Local recurrence was detected in 4 lesions (4/202 patients, 2.0 %); resection had been piecemeal in all 4. During a median follow-up of 38.7 months (range 12.8 - 104.2), the 3- and 5-year overall/disease-specific survivals were 97.1/100 % and 95.3/100 %, respectively.
Colorectal ESD showed favorable long-term outcomes. It may largely replace colectomy for node-negative colorectal epithelial neoplasia.
Abstract
Background
Current guidelines recommend risk stratification to optimize the timing to refer patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) for lung transplantation (LT). However, the ...optimal timing for referral may vary by country. It is unknown whether risk stratification could be helpful to predict the post-referral outcome in Japan where the waiting period is about 3 years.
Purpose
We aimed to investigate the predictive value of risk stratification at the LT referral time, and to provide a decision-making tool to refer patients for LT.
Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive PAH patients referred for LT from May 2014 to December 2021. Risk status was assessed by the ESC/ERS three-strata and four-strata model (Figure 1). For assessment, functional class, six-minute walk distance, brain natriuretic peptide, the ratio of TAPSE to PASP, mean right atrial pressure and cardiac index were used as variables. In the exploratory analysis, the intermediate risk group by the three-strata model was further divided into two groups based on the median proportion of low-risk variables (modified risk assessment): low-intermediate or high-intermediate risk. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality after referral.
Results
52 patients were enrolled median age 30.5 (22.0-40.0) years, 83% idiopathic/heritable PAH. During a median follow-up period of 2.5 (1.8-3.4) years, 9 patients died, and 13 patients underwent LT. By the three-strata model, 15, 36, and 1 patients were classified as low-, intermediate- and high risk (Figure 2a). There was no significant difference in survival between low- and intermediate risk. By the four-strata model, 33, 16, and 3 patients were classified as low-intermediate-, high-intermediate and high risk (Figure 2b). The four-strata model identified high-risk patients with survival rates of 33% at 1 year, whereas did not discriminate survival between low-intermediate and high-intermediate risk. By the modified risk assessment, 15, 28, 8 and 1 patients were classified as low-, low-intermediate, high-intermediate and high risk (Figure 2c). Patients at high-intermediate risk or higher had significantly worse survival (P<0.001); survival rates at 3 years were 92%, 80% and 34% in the low-, low-intermediate, and high-intermediate or high-risk group, respectively. In Cox regression analysis, high-intermediate or high risk by the modified risk assessment was significantly associated with the primary outcome adjusted for age, sex and PAH etiologies (HR, 6.284; 95% CI, 1.743-22.662; p=0.005).
Conclusion
The prognosis of high-risk group by the four-strata model was too poor to survive the waiting period. Whereas, the modified risk assessment could discriminate patients who could continue medical therapy or should be referred for LT. Risk stratification could help clinicians to make decisions to refer patients for LT. Further work is needed to refine the assessment tool in the context of LT referral.
