Egg is the largest biological cell known which originates from one cell division and is composed of various important chemical substances that form the basis of life. The avian egg is an important ...source of nutrients, containing all of the proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and growth factors required by the developing embryo, as well as a number of defence factors to protect against bacterial and viral infection. This review mainly focuses on biological activities of proteins and peptides derived from egg components. Several biological activities have now been associated with egg components, including novel anti-microbial activities, anti-adhesive properties, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive activities, anti-oxidant properties, protease inhibitors, nutrient bioavailability and functional lipids, highlighting the importance of egg and egg components in human health, and disease prevention and treatment.
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays an essential role in sensing nutrients and monitoring ion balance in the human gut. However, no discovery of CaSR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of l-amino ...acids (l-AAs) on the gut system has been reported. The aim of this study is to screen and identify the anti-inflammatory activity of various l-AAs in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and stepwise illustrate a possible molecular mechanism for anti-inflammation. We used Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of l-AAs and revealed that l-tryptophan (l-Trp) and l-valine (l-Val) have strong anti-inflammatory activity consistent in both cell lines. l-Trp treatment (5 mM) reduced TNF-α-induced IL-8 secretion from HT-29 or Caco-2 cells to about 50 or 40%, respectively. l-Trp also significantly inhibited the expression of phosphorylation of JNK or IκBα to around 50% in HT-29 cells. However, the above inhibitory effects of l-Trp on inflammatory responses in TNF-α-induced HT-29 cells were abrogated by NPS-2143. The result of CaSR antagonist NPS-2143 pretreatment study suggests l-Trp exerts anti-inflammatory effects on IECs through CaSR activation. The involvement of β-arrestin2 was then found to block tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced signaling pathways after CaSR activated by l-Trp. These results validate a novel mechanism underlying CaSR agonistic l-AAs exerting anti-inflammatory effects on human intestinal epithelia.
Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is a popular beverage consumed worldwide. Green tea, oolong tea, and black tea are the three major tea types that are obtained through different levels of ...fermentation of the tea leaves. The health benefits of tea have been widely studied, and these effects are closely related to the structure and composition of polyphenols. In spite of growing evidences for health benefits of green tea, less research has been done using black and oolong teas, which are more widely consumed. This mini-review mainly focused on biological activities of oolong and black tea, and their characteristic polyphenols, i.e., oolong tea theasinensins, and black tea theaflavins. Several biological activities have been associated with tea consumption and polyphenol contents, including anticancer activities, antioxidant activities, anti-cardiovascular activities, antimicrobial activities, anti-hyperglycemic activities, and anti-obesity activities, suggesting the important roles of tea and tea polyphenols in human health and in disease prevention and treatment. However, application of tea polyphenols in the development of dietary interventions or alternative treatment approaches need to be aware of the low bioavailability and potential toxicity of tea polyphenols. Future studies to incorporate existing methods or develop new methods for enhancing polyphenol absorption will help to obtain these health benefits with a lower dose and prevent overdose toxicity.
•The chemistry and biological activities of characteristic polyphenols in oolong and black tea were studied.•The oolong and black tea polyphenols possessed had various health benefits including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-cardiovascular, anti-microbial, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-obesity activities.•Bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies of oolong and black teal polyphenols should be studied further.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides residence to an astounding number of bacterial species, which have profound effects on host biology, function, physiology, and immune response. Discovery of ...“symbiosis factors” from symbionts that facilitate the peaceful coexistence of microbiota and the host immune system are of interest. Symbionts synthesize immunomodulatory molecules that guide maturation of the immune system and have pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, individuals differ in the makeup of their GI microbiota, which is influenced by many external and internal factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and host genetics, which in turn influences health and disease outcomes. Various endogenous, genetic, and environmental factors influence GI development including species composition and health status of neonates, resulting in interactions that occur between the bacteria and the host. Mechanisms of probiotics involved in homeostasis of a balanced immune system have been inconclusive. The probable mechanism of action may be postulated as direct competition between pathogenic bacteria in the gut and/or immune modulation. This review focuses on probiotics in health and disease prevention, especially the biological importance of intestinal regulation of inflammatory processes that may be beneficial in a multitude of disorders both inside and outside the GI tract.
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•Rubus suavissimus S. Lee (RSSL) extract attenuates OVA allergic response in mice.•RSSL extract improves Th1/Th2 balance by reducing IL-4 and increasing Il-10, Il12a, and INF-γ.•RSSL ...extract enhances IgA, and induces the suppression of histamine and MMCPT-1.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Rubus suavissimus S. Lee extract against hen egg ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic response in mice. BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA via intraperitoneal injection for four weeks and subsequently administered the different doses of Rubus suavissimus S. Lee extract (0.1 0.5 and 1.0% w/v) in drinking water. We demonstrated that Rubus suavissimus S. Lee extract can attenuate OVA allergic response in mice by inducing immune desensitization through Th1/Th2 immunological modulation, a regulatory response involving the transcription factor FOXP3, induction of a suppressed IL-4, but increased IL-10, IL12a and INF-γ, enhanced immunoglobulin isotype IgA production, and suppression of histamine and MMCPT-1. These results suggest that Rubus suavissimus S. Lee extract may be a potentially useful candidate for the design of a functional food component in targeting management of food allergy.
The emergence of egg allergy has had both industrial and clinical implications. In industrialized countries, egg allergy accounts for one of the most prevalent food hypersensitivities, especially in ...children. Atopic dermatitis represents the most common clinical manifestation in infancy; however, the range of clinical signs is broad and encompasses life-threatening anaphylaxis. The dominant egg allergens are proteins and are mainly present in the egg white, for example, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme. However, egg yolk also displays low-level allergenicity, for example, α-livetin. Strict avoidance of the offending food remains the most common recommendation for egg-allergic individuals. Nevertheless, the omnipresence of egg-derived components in prepackaged or prepared foods makes it difficult. Therefore, more efficient preventive approaches are investigated to protect consumers from inadvertent exposure and ensuing adverse reactions. On the one hand, commercial kits have become readily available that allow for the detection of egg contaminants at trace levels. On the other hand, attempts to produce hypoallergenic egg-containing products through food-processing techniques have met with promising results, but the approach is limited due to its potentially undesirable effects on the unique functional and sensory attributes of egg proteins. Therefore, the development of preventive or curative strategies for egg allergy remains strongly warranted. Pilot studies have suggested that oral immunotherapy (IT) with raw or cooked preparations of egg may represent a safe alternative, immediately available to allergic subjects, but remains applicable to only nonanaphylactic patients. Due to the limitations of conventional IT, novel forms of immunotherapy are sought based on information obtained from the molecular characterization of major egg allergens. In the past decade, promising approaches to the treatment and prevention of egg allergy have been explored and include, among others, the production of hypoallergenic recombinant egg proteins, the development of customized peptides, and bacterial-mediated immunotherapy. Nonspecific approaches have also been evaluated, and preliminary trials with the use of probiotic bacteria have yielded encouraging results. The current understanding of egg allergens offers novel approaches toward the making of food products safe for human consumption and the development of efficient immunotherapeutic strategies.
Egg yolk antibodies for passive immunity Kovacs-Nolan, Jennifer; Mine, Yoshinori
Annual review of food science and technology,
01/2012, Letnik:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The avian egg contains all of the necessary nutrients and growth factors required for the developing embryo, including antibodies that are transported from the blood of the hen into the egg yolk to ...provide immunity to the chick. Since the discovery of egg yolk antibodies, now called immunoglobulin Y (IgY), in the late 1800s, this process has been harnessed to produce antigen-specific yolk antibodies for numerous applications in the medical and research fields, including in areas such as diagnostics and proteomics. However, one of the most valuable and promising areas of IgY research is its use for passive immunization to treat and prevent human and animal diseases. The following review covers the key features and advantages of IgY and the production and purification of IgY from the egg yolk, as well as highlights some of the most promising applications of egg yolk antibodies in human and veterinary medicine.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The peptide transporter PepT1 is responsible for the intestinal uptake of dietary peptides, and its ...expression in the gastrointestinal tract is up-regulated during intestinal inflammation, indicating that PepT1 may be a promising target for IBD therapeutics.
The transport of soy-derived di- and tripeptides across Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells was examined, and the anti-inflammatory effects of the transported peptide VPY were evaluated in vitro in Caco-2 and THP-1 macrophages, and in vivo in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis.
VPY inhibited the secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α, respectively, from Caco-2 and THP-1 cells. VPY transport and anti-inflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells was reduced in the presence of Gly-Sar, indicating this activity was mediated by PepT1. In mice, VPY treatment reduced DSS-induced colitis symptoms and weight loss, improved colon histology, reduced MPO activity, and decreased gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-17 in the colon.
VPY is a novel PepT1 substrate that can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro in intestinal epithelial and immune cells, and reduce the severity of colitis in mice by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon, suggesting that VPY may be promising for the treatment of IBD.
► Transport of soy-derived peptides across intestinal epithelial cells was examined. ► The tripeptide VPY was identified as a novel substrate for the transporter PepT1. ► VPY reduced production of inflammatory cytokines in IECs and immune cells. ► VPY reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice. ► VPY may be a promising new therapeutic for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
The avian egg is an important source of nutrients, containing all of the proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and growth factors required by the developing embryo, as well as a number of defense ...factors to protect against bacterial and viral infection. Moreover, eggs are now understood to contain substances with biological functions beyond basic nutrition, and extensive research has been undertaken to identify and characterize these biologically active components. This review mainly focused on biological activities of proteins and peptides derived from egg components. Several biological activities have now been associated with egg components, including novel antimicrobial activities, antiadhesive properties, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities, antioxidant properties, protease inhibitors, nutrient bioavailability, and functional lipids, highlighting the importance of egg and egg components in human health and in disease prevention and treatment. Continued research to identify new and existing biological functions of hen egg components will help to define new methods to further improve the value of eggs as a source of numerous biologically active compounds with specific benefits for human and animal health and secure their role in the therapy and prevention of chronic and infectious disease. Keywords: Avian eggs; egg white; yolk; bioactive proteins and peptides; human health; functional foods; nutraceuticals; chronic diseases
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