The 3D real estate cadastre (‘3D cadastre’ in short) is an important interdisciplinary research topic at both the European and international levels. Initial theoretical scientific discussions on the ...3D cadastre began in the 1990s and gained momentum at the turn of the millennium, when the first international forums were organised. Their principal aim was to develop the theoretical concepts for the 3D cadastre that would foster the research activities and their implementation. At the time, the FIG Working Group on 3D Cadastres was formed to connect the research activities in the field. To date, five international thematic workshops have been organised. This article aims to provide a chronological overview of research activities by highlighting publications that have had a significant impact on 3D cadastre research. Our main sources have been publications at the FIG international thematic forums, doctoral dissertations, and papers published in scientific journals (included in the DOI system). Many issues and challenges have been resolved, and major progress has been seen in the past two decades. Nevertheless, numerous new complex issues have arisen, particularly regarding the realisation of 3D concepts within cadastral systems in the various countries, the idea of a multipurpose of 3D cadastre, and the integration of various spatial datasets within a 3D cadastre.
KLJUČNE BESEDE zemljiški kataster, zemljiškokatastrski postopki, zakonodaja, elaborat, evidenca elaboratov, EVELA, Slovenija ABSTRACT _ The objective of this paper is to present the land cadastre ...legal framework in Slovenia from the very beginning of the parceloriented land cadastre at the beginning of the 19th century to the present The essential characteristics of legal regulations have been highlighted for each period, focusing primarily on the content requirements for the cadastral documentation -field books. Aiming to study the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures in dependence on the legislation framework, that is the period, we selected 67 cadastral municipalities in central Slovenia belonging to the state geodetic offices of Trbovlje and Litija. For each study period, which was defined based on the study of cadastral legislation, the number of the cadastral procedures were analysed - classified according to their type. Podobno je bilo s postopki ugotavljanja meja v IV. obdobju (1974-1999), kjer sta bila med drugim pogoja za izvedbo parcelacije: (1) če so se odtujile vse novo nastale parcele, so se morale ugotoviti vse posestne meje obstoječe parcele; (2) če se je od obstoječe parcele odtujil le del, dotedanjemu lastniku pa je ostalo več kot 3000 m2, se je moralo za obstoječo parcelo ugotoviti le tiste posestne meje, ki so tudi meje dela parcele, ki se odtuji (glej število uradnih in dejansko izvedenih mejno ugotovitvenih postopkov).
This paper discusses methodological problems of accurate area determination in the cadaster. The paper contrasts the ambiguous legal definition of the parcel boundary and parcel area in relation to ...the theoretically well-defined geodetic parcel boundary and the geodetic parcel area on the reference ellipsoid. To align with the real world, parcel area must account for terrain elevation. Various approximate methods for area determination which can be used in the cadaster are tested. A highly accurate method for parcel area computation is proposed, based on an equal-area projection. Considering the geodetic parcel area as a reference, the achievable accuracy of different methods is evaluated. For this analysis, the coordinates of the parcel boundary points are treated as error-free. Finally, the relevance of various systematic errors is discussed in relation to the statistical uncertainty of the parcel area, which could be gained by an a real-time kinematic GNSS survey. A case study is presented for the territory of Slovenia, its georeferencing rules, land demarcation pattern, and characteristics of its topography. Based on the results of this study, some general recommendations for the parcel area determination are given.
The land administration system, providing a mechanism to support the management of real properties, is one of the most crucial infrastructures of any country. This infrastructure is needed to support ...planning and implementation of land-related policies, and in general to support human decisions and activities in our environment. The fundamental part of a modern land administration system is the land cadastre. Over the last decade, the demand for three-dimensional (3D) cadastre has increased significantly worldwide. The physical and legal complexities of the built and natural environment prompt new concepts and definitions of real property units in order to meet the demands of a today's society and to balance private and public spatial interests. Particularly in urban areas, including other areas with intensive human interventions into space, there is a tendency to use space above and below the Earth's surface, above and below structures, etc. Complex 3D objects cannot be defined and registered as cadastral objects in the traditional 2D land cadastre and represented in a 2D cadastral map. For this purpose, next to the land cadastre, in 2000, Slovenia introduced the building cadastre. From the juridical point of view, the current cadastral system is not sufficient for all 3D situations. In this paper, we discuss upgrade possibilities of data models of the land cadastre and building cadastre to introduce a unique 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia. We believe that the data available in the current cadastres will significantly contribute toward the 3D real property cadastre and 3D graphical representation of cadastral data; nevertheless, some additional data are needed. The minimum data required could be provided already through the current cadastral procedures.
•Complex 3D real property objects cannot be always registered and graphically represented in 2D cadastral maps.•The physical and legal complexity of the environment prompts new concepts of real property units in LAS.•The 2D parcel-oriented cadastre can be upgraded into a 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia.•The data required for 3D cadastral modeling could be provided through the current cadastral procedures in Slovenia.
Zaradi nesorazmerij, do katerih trenutno prihaja na podlagi obstoječih pravil pri odmeri zemljiškega davka tako glede porazdelitve davčnih bremen za celotne dežele, okrožja, okraje in občine kot ...glede davčne obremenitve za vsakega posameznika, smo se, s ciljem odpraviti te nepravilnosti, po zrelem premisleku odločili, da v naših skupnih nemških in italijanskih deželah uvedemo sistem zemljiškega davka, ki je v osnovi poceni in z vidika uveljavitve in uporabe stabilna rešitev. Kot čisti donos smatramo: donos, ki ga lahko pričakuje posestnik od vsake njemu pripadajoče rodovitne površine Zemlje glede na dejansko vrsto rabe, ob krajevno običajnem načinu obdelave zemljišč in ob upoštevanju običajne letne rodnosti, po tem, ko so bili odšteti potrebni in krajevno običajni stroški obdelave zemljišč, setve, kmetijske pridelave ter spravila kmetijskih pridelkov. §. Vendarle so izjeme, kjer zemljiški davek ni predviden: a) vsa zemljišča, ki jih zaradi primarne rabe ni mogoče obdelovati, kot so: nerodovitni gorski svet, skalovite stene, javne ceste, reke in kanali; b) pokopališča, dokler služijo temu namenu; c) državne stavbe, cerkve, vojaški objekti in bolnišnice. §.
•The institutional background (formal and informal institution) has a substantial influence on land consolidation execution.•Promotion of good practices and knowledge transfer can contribute to the ...land owners’ perception of land consolidation.•The active participation of land owners contributes to their overall satisfaction with the land consolidation's results.•In Slovenia, good practices of land consolidation have been developed.•The positive experience influences the motivation and perception of land consolidation among the participants.
Land consolidation has been an important instrument of rural development for over a century throughout Europe. Nowadays, land consolidation can be an integral part of both rural and urban development projects, but the focus of our study is on land consolidation in rural areas. In addition to the efforts aimed at making agriculture and forestry more competitive through a comprehensive reallocation process, improvement of road and drainage networks, landscaping, environmental management, conservation projects, and other functions may be implemented in land consolidation. There are differences in the objectives and procedures of land consolidation among the countries. Beside the formal institutional framework of land consolidation, informal institutions can have a substantial influence on the implementation of land consolidation. In the article, the past experiences in the field of land consolidation in Slovenia are presented, which are still reflected in the limited acceptability of this instrument among land owners. Furthermore, the current institutional (legal) framework is analyzed in detail. The main objective of the research was to investigate the opinion of land consolidation participants about land consolidation. Based on the field survey conducted on a sample of private land owners involved in selected land consolidation projects we tried to define the advantages and disadvantages of the current practice. The main finding is that the active participation of land owners contributes to their comprehension of the aims and to their satisfaction with the results of the land consolidation. It has been shown that the active participation of land owners in the land consolidation is the basis for developing good practices; moreover, it affects the land owners’ perception of land consolidation. The transfer of knowledge and representation of good practices among actors are still needed, in particular because of bad experiences in the past (i.e. enforced and environmentally unfriendly projects) and the traditional emotional attachment to land among land owners. In parallel, there is a great need to provide an optimization of the land consolidation process in Slovenia.
Uradne nepremičninske evidence pa žal pogosto ne zagotavljajo celovitih informacij o stanju nepremičnin, ki so potrebne za sprejemanje odločitev pri njihovem upravljanju in rabi. Take organizacije ...pogosto nimajo dobrega pregleda nad celotnim fondom nepremičnin, s katerimi razpolagajo, predvsem pa manjkajo pomembni podatki o nepremičninah, ki so ključni za upravljanje z njimi. V Sloveniji se lastniki, ki imajo v lasti in/ali upravljanju več nepremičnin, spopadajo z velikimi izzivi že pri sami vzpostavitvi podatkovne zbirke in vzdrževanju temeljnih podatkov o pravnih in fizičnih lastnostih nepremičnin, saj ni mogoče enostavno prevzemati podatkov za množico nepremičnin iz uradnih nepremičninskih evidenc. Med večje lastnike oziroma upravljavce nepremičnin v Republiki Sloveniji štejemo tudi številne javne institucije, kot so ministrstva, ki se zaradi omejenega dostopa do informacij, ključnih za sprejemanje odločitev, prav tako spopadajo z velikimi izzivi pri upravljanju nepremičnin ter načrtovanju dejavnosti in investicij. Unified Modelling Language), ki med drugim določa standardne diagrame za predstavitev različnih vidikov informacijskega sistema. 2.3 Izzivi procesnega modeliranja Modeliranje postopkov, ki jih mora podpirati sodoben nepremičninski informacijski sistem in na temelju katerih se bo tak sistem posodabljal in uporabljal, mora temeljiti na protokolu za učinkovit popis uporabniške izkušnje in prednosti, ki jih takšen pristop prinaša. Dodaten razmislek zahteva podatkovna podlaga, vezana na različne podatkovne vire. 3 ZASNOVA NEPREMIČNINSKEGA INFORMACIJSKEGA SISTEMA IN PILOTNI PRIMER Pri zasnovi večnamenskega nepremičninskega informacijskega sistema s prostorsko podatkovno zbirko o nepremičninah v lasti Republike Slovenije in v upravljanju MP RS (NEPIS-MP) smo posebno pozornost namenili: (i) ustvarjanju podatkovne zbirke in opredelitvi njene strukture, (ii) vzdrževanju podatkovne zbirke, (iii) zagotavljanju integritete podatkov, (iv) izvajanju transakcij ter (v) zagotavljanju
KEY WORDS cadastre, real property, 3D cadastre, land administration, LADM 1 INTRODUCTION Urban development coupled with increasingly complex cases of spatial delineation in terms of ownership and ...other property rights requires a new approach in land administration, which allows for registering and changing of property units, and associated information, in three spatial dimensions. The requirement for international comparability and thus structured treatment of land, and the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities associated to it, stemmed from the growing needs to develop state-of-the-art solutions in land administration. An important resource for our work was publications in two special issues of the international scientific journal Computers, Environment and Urban Planning from 2003 and 2013, respectively, where also an overview of discussions under FIG until 2012 (Oosterom, 2013) was published, and publications in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information with a special issue Research and Development Progress in 3D cadastral systems of 2017. The authors find that the 2D system to register the legal status of real estate objects in many cases does not provide enough legal security regarding the rights and restrictions on real property objects and it can also no longer satisfy other functionalities of the land administration system. 3.1.1 Early internationally recognised studies, discussions, and publications The previously mentioned research work at the Delft University ofTechnology, the Netherlands, was an introduction to the first workshop on the topic of real property cadastres in 2001, organised by FIG, which sparked interest and strengthened the topic of 3D cadastres in the research sphere.
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